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ALevel PE > Skill aquisition > Flashcards

Skill aquisition Flashcards

1
Q

Ways of classifying a skill?

A

Gross, fine, open, closed, self paced, externally paced, basic, complex, discrete, continuous, serial, low organisational, high organisational

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2
Q

Characteristics of skill?

A

Coordinated, controlled, good technique, aesthetic, learned, consistent, predetermined, efficient

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3
Q

Definition of a skill?

A

A learned ability to bring about predetermined results which maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time or energy or both

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4
Q

What are the 3 categories of a skill?

A

Cognitive, perceptual, motor

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5
Q

What is a cognitive skill?

A

Involves primarily the brain- reading/ analysing a problem

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6
Q

What is a perceptual skill?

A

How an individual interprets a stimuli- correct interpretation improves performance

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7
Q

What is a motor skill?

A

Involves physical movement eg catching, throwing, running

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8
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

Something using large muscle groups usually linked with strength, endurance and power - weightlifting/ javelin

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9
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

Using small delicate muscle movements usually associated with speed accuracy and efficiency - darts/ snooker

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10
Q

What environmental influence can occur during sports?

A

Opponents, team mates, weather, crowd, surface, equipment

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11
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

Takes place in a stable, predictable environment where critical information doesn’t change - diving/ floor routine

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12
Q

What is an open skill?

A

Where the environment changes the decisions made by the athlete requiring adaptation and good perceptual skill- sailing/ pass in hockey

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13
Q

What is a discrete skill?

A

Has a clear beginning and end and is performed alone without linkage - shot put/ weightlifting

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14
Q

What is a serial skill?

A

Contains a number of discrete skills that can be broken down or linked together- high jump

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15
Q

What is a continuous skill?

A

Contains no subroutines, lasts as long as the performer wishes

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16
Q

What are the four form of guidance?

A

Verbal, visual, manual, mechanical

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17
Q

What is visual guidance?

A

Usually a demonstration done by an coach of superior athlete to be copied by the athlete

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18
Q

Disadvantages of visual guidance?

A

Incorrect demo leading to bad habits, coach unable, unclear/ to quick

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19
Q

What is verbal guidance?

A

A clear verbal explanation of what to do or what to correct

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20
Q

Disadvantages of verbal guidance?

A

May be an overload, inaccurate, beginners may not understand

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21
Q

What is manual guidance?

A

Use of physical support or placing limbs in correct positions for safety

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22
Q

Disadvantages of manual guidance?

A

Restrictive, false sense of kinaesthetic, need high level coach

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23
Q

What is mechanical guidance?

A

Using a mechanical aid to learn more dangerous skills or to aid confidence

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24
Q

Disadvantages of mechanical guidance?

A

Can be overused, can cause over reliance on it, can’t learn from mistakes

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25
Q

What factors affect choice of teaching method?

A

Type of skill
Complexity of skill
Classification
Environment
Ability level
Motivation

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26
Q

What factors affect choice of teaching method?

A

Type of skill
Complexity of skill
Classification
Environment
Ability level
Motivation

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27
Q

Sub routine

A

The elements that make up a particukar skill

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28
Q

Kinaesthesis

A

The sense of feeling that we get from the movements we make. Proprioceptors or nerves in our muscles, ligaments and joints send messages to the brain that gives us information about where we are and what we are doing

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29
Q

Motor programme

A

A generalised series of movements stores in LTM and retrieved by a single decision

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30
Q

Motor programme

A

A generalised series of movements stores in LTM and retrieved by a single decision

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31
Q

practice conditions

A

different ways of setting up training sessions ti achieve optimum performance

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32
Q

Schema

A

Store of info in LTM that updates and modifies

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33
Q

Schema

A

Store of info in LTM that updates and modifies

34
Q

what is part practice

A

Practice involving learning and practising different elements of the whole skill. The full action can then be pieced together

35
Q

For which performers is part practice used?

A

A beginner
Limited attention span
Early stages of learning
limited motivation

36
Q

Disadvantages of part practice?

A

Takes longer to learn and overall kinaesthesis can be lost

37
Q

When is part practice used?

A

Low organisational skills
Complex skills
Dangerous skills
Serial skills

38
Q

Drawbacks of part practice?

A

Whole skill must be demonstrated
Takes longer to learn
Kinaesthetic can be lost

39
Q

What is whole practice?

A

Practice involving repeating the whole series of actions

40
Q

What type of performer uses whole practice?

A

Experienced
High attention levels
Later stages of learning
High motivation

41
Q

When is whole practice used?

A

High organisational skills
Allows full kinaesthesis
To appreciate relationship between subroutines
Quick to learn
Can help understand skill

42
Q

Drawbacks of whole practice

A

Not suitable for dangerous sports
Difficult for beginners

43
Q

What is whole-part-whole practice

A

Using both types of practice in combination. First action is performed in full, then smaller elements practiced, then whole action performed again

44
Q

What performer uses WPW practice?

A

Developing performer that is weak at certain elements

45
Q

Advantages of WPW practice?

A

Athletes get a feel for the skill first and teacher can identify subroutines that need practice
Relatively quick as only weak areas practiced

46
Q

Drawbacks of WPW practice

A

Not suitable for high organised skills
Not dangerous skills

47
Q

What are the 4 types of practice?

A

Progressive part, part, whole, whole part whole

48
Q

What is progressive part practice

A

Isolating parts of a complex skill, then linking them to gather to form larger parts before combining them into a whole skill

49
Q

When might progressive part practice be used?

A

Serial skills
Complex skills
Skills with sub routines
With an advantage to building motor programmes

50
Q

Benefits to Progressuve part practice?

A

Helps build flow
Helps the transfer of learning parts into the whole skill

51
Q

Drawbacks of progressive part practice?

A

Time consuming, demotivating

52
Q

What are the 4 methods of practice?

A

Massed, distributed, fixed, varied

53
Q

What is massed practice?

A

Continuos practice period with very limited rest for a long time

54
Q

Advantages of massed practice?

A

Good for grooving skills and creating a habitual response
Good for discrete of short duration

55
Q

Drawbacks of massed practice?

A

The player has to be motivated and have good fitness levels
Can lead to boredom and fatigue
Can lack some concentration and attention
Which can lead to poor performance learning

56
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Training includes rest intervals often used for mental rehearsal and extrinsic feedback

57
Q

Benefits of distributed practice

A

Good for most skill learning especially for beginners
Gives time to recover mentally and physically
Good for potentially dangerous situations

58
Q

What is fixed practice?

A

A stable predictable environment with unchanged conditions

59
Q

Advantages of fixed practice?

A

Good for grooving skills and creating habitual response
Good for closed skills
Develops schema

60
Q

Disadvantages of fixed practice?

A

Player must be motivated and have good fitness levels
Can lead boredom and fatigue

61
Q

What is varied practice?

A

Varying conditions to mimic gameplay

62
Q

What is varied practice?

A

Varying conditions to mimic gameplay

63
Q

Advantages of varied practice?

A

Allow performer to experience range of situations
Good for closed skills if stimuli is important to skill
Good for open skills when all situations are varied so that athlete can problem solve and build repertoire of strategies

64
Q

Disadvantages of varied practice?

A

difficult to develop and groove correct motor programme due to changing conditions

65
Q

Disadvantages of varied practice?

A

difficult to develop and groove correct motor programme due to changing conditions

66
Q

What is mental practice/ rehearsal?

A

When an athlete works through movements in their head

67
Q

When is mental rehearsal used?

A

In cognitive stages to build mental picture and attention
in associatuve( practice) and autonomous (competent) stages it can be used to rehearse complex skills

68
Q

Advantages of mental regearsal?

A

Emotion control
Reduces anxiety
Increases confidence
Focuses the mind

69
Q

What is transfer?

A

The gain or loss in the capability to perform a task as a result of practicing another

70
Q

What did Singer say about transfer?

A

Almost all learning is based on the concept of transfer

71
Q

What are running, jumping, hopping, throwing, catching classifies as?

A

Fundamental Movement Skills

72
Q

How do coaching implications affect the transfer theory?

A

Training sessions must be relevant
Performers need to be exposed to transferable elements
Coach should identify similarities between skills
Coach should emphasise transfer

73
Q

What are the 5 types of transfer?

A

Proactive, retroactive, bilateral, positive, negative

74
Q

What is proactive transfer?

A

When a skill influences a skill that is yet to be learned

75
Q

What is retroactive transfer?

A

If a skill influences one you can already do

76
Q

What is retroactive transfer?

A

If a skill influences one you can already do

77
Q

What is bilateral transfer?

A

Encouragement of Limb to limb transfer, right to left foot

78
Q

What is positive transfer?

A

When a skill enhances the learning or oerformance in another skill

79
Q

What is negative transfer?

A

When a skill may hinder the learning or performance of another skill so needs eliminating
Can cause poor habits

80
Q

How to optimise positive effects of transfer?

A

Ensure performer understands requirement of skill, ensure environment in practice is similar to real situation
ensure learner is aware of transfer
Don’t teach areas that could cause negative transfer close together
If part practice, ensure first part is grooved

81
Q

How does varied practice help transfer of skill?

A

Allows performance in many situations
Develops many correct responses
Develops decision making
player learns to adapt
Expands schema

ALevel PE (2 decks)

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