Skill aquisition Flashcards
Ways of classifying a skill?
Gross, fine, open, closed, self paced, externally paced, basic, complex, discrete, continuous, serial, low organisational, high organisational
Characteristics of skill?
Coordinated, controlled, good technique, aesthetic, learned, consistent, predetermined, efficient
Definition of a skill?
A learned ability to bring about predetermined results which maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time or energy or both
What are the 3 categories of a skill?
Cognitive, perceptual, motor
What is a cognitive skill?
Involves primarily the brain- reading/ analysing a problem
What is a perceptual skill?
How an individual interprets a stimuli- correct interpretation improves performance
What is a motor skill?
Involves physical movement eg catching, throwing, running
What is a gross skill?
Something using large muscle groups usually linked with strength, endurance and power - weightlifting/ javelin
What is a fine skill?
Using small delicate muscle movements usually associated with speed accuracy and efficiency - darts/ snooker
What environmental influence can occur during sports?
Opponents, team mates, weather, crowd, surface, equipment
What is a closed skill?
Takes place in a stable, predictable environment where critical information doesn’t change - diving/ floor routine
What is an open skill?
Where the environment changes the decisions made by the athlete requiring adaptation and good perceptual skill- sailing/ pass in hockey
What is a discrete skill?
Has a clear beginning and end and is performed alone without linkage - shot put/ weightlifting
What is a serial skill?
Contains a number of discrete skills that can be broken down or linked together- high jump
What is a continuous skill?
Contains no subroutines, lasts as long as the performer wishes
What are the four form of guidance?
Verbal, visual, manual, mechanical
What is visual guidance?
Usually a demonstration done by an coach of superior athlete to be copied by the athlete
Disadvantages of visual guidance?
Incorrect demo leading to bad habits, coach unable, unclear/ to quick
What is verbal guidance?
A clear verbal explanation of what to do or what to correct
Disadvantages of verbal guidance?
May be an overload, inaccurate, beginners may not understand
What is manual guidance?
Use of physical support or placing limbs in correct positions for safety
Disadvantages of manual guidance?
Restrictive, false sense of kinaesthetic, need high level coach
What is mechanical guidance?
Using a mechanical aid to learn more dangerous skills or to aid confidence
Disadvantages of mechanical guidance?
Can be overused, can cause over reliance on it, can’t learn from mistakes
What factors affect choice of teaching method?
Type of skill
Complexity of skill
Classification
Environment
Ability level
Motivation
What factors affect choice of teaching method?
Type of skill
Complexity of skill
Classification
Environment
Ability level
Motivation
Sub routine
The elements that make up a particukar skill
Kinaesthesis
The sense of feeling that we get from the movements we make. Proprioceptors or nerves in our muscles, ligaments and joints send messages to the brain that gives us information about where we are and what we are doing
Motor programme
A generalised series of movements stores in LTM and retrieved by a single decision
Motor programme
A generalised series of movements stores in LTM and retrieved by a single decision
practice conditions
different ways of setting up training sessions ti achieve optimum performance
Schema
Store of info in LTM that updates and modifies
Schema
Store of info in LTM that updates and modifies
what is part practice
Practice involving learning and practising different elements of the whole skill. The full action can then be pieced together
For which performers is part practice used?
A beginner
Limited attention span
Early stages of learning
limited motivation
Disadvantages of part practice?
Takes longer to learn and overall kinaesthesis can be lost
When is part practice used?
Low organisational skills
Complex skills
Dangerous skills
Serial skills
Drawbacks of part practice?
Whole skill must be demonstrated
Takes longer to learn
Kinaesthetic can be lost
What is whole practice?
Practice involving repeating the whole series of actions
What type of performer uses whole practice?
Experienced
High attention levels
Later stages of learning
High motivation
When is whole practice used?
High organisational skills
Allows full kinaesthesis
To appreciate relationship between subroutines
Quick to learn
Can help understand skill
Drawbacks of whole practice
Not suitable for dangerous sports
Difficult for beginners
What is whole-part-whole practice
Using both types of practice in combination. First action is performed in full, then smaller elements practiced, then whole action performed again
What performer uses WPW practice?
Developing performer that is weak at certain elements
Advantages of WPW practice?
Athletes get a feel for the skill first and teacher can identify subroutines that need practice
Relatively quick as only weak areas practiced
Drawbacks of WPW practice
Not suitable for high organised skills
Not dangerous skills
What are the 4 types of practice?
Progressive part, part, whole, whole part whole
What is progressive part practice
Isolating parts of a complex skill, then linking them to gather to form larger parts before combining them into a whole skill
When might progressive part practice be used?
Serial skills
Complex skills
Skills with sub routines
With an advantage to building motor programmes
Benefits to Progressuve part practice?
Helps build flow
Helps the transfer of learning parts into the whole skill
Drawbacks of progressive part practice?
Time consuming, demotivating
What are the 4 methods of practice?
Massed, distributed, fixed, varied
What is massed practice?
Continuos practice period with very limited rest for a long time
Advantages of massed practice?
Good for grooving skills and creating a habitual response
Good for discrete of short duration
Drawbacks of massed practice?
The player has to be motivated and have good fitness levels
Can lead to boredom and fatigue
Can lack some concentration and attention
Which can lead to poor performance learning
What is distributed practice?
Training includes rest intervals often used for mental rehearsal and extrinsic feedback
Benefits of distributed practice
Good for most skill learning especially for beginners
Gives time to recover mentally and physically
Good for potentially dangerous situations
What is fixed practice?
A stable predictable environment with unchanged conditions
Advantages of fixed practice?
Good for grooving skills and creating habitual response
Good for closed skills
Develops schema
Disadvantages of fixed practice?
Player must be motivated and have good fitness levels
Can lead boredom and fatigue
What is varied practice?
Varying conditions to mimic gameplay
What is varied practice?
Varying conditions to mimic gameplay
Advantages of varied practice?
Allow performer to experience range of situations
Good for closed skills if stimuli is important to skill
Good for open skills when all situations are varied so that athlete can problem solve and build repertoire of strategies
Disadvantages of varied practice?
difficult to develop and groove correct motor programme due to changing conditions
Disadvantages of varied practice?
difficult to develop and groove correct motor programme due to changing conditions
What is mental practice/ rehearsal?
When an athlete works through movements in their head
When is mental rehearsal used?
In cognitive stages to build mental picture and attention
in associatuve( practice) and autonomous (competent) stages it can be used to rehearse complex skills
Advantages of mental regearsal?
Emotion control
Reduces anxiety
Increases confidence
Focuses the mind
What is transfer?
The gain or loss in the capability to perform a task as a result of practicing another
What did Singer say about transfer?
Almost all learning is based on the concept of transfer
What are running, jumping, hopping, throwing, catching classifies as?
Fundamental Movement Skills
How do coaching implications affect the transfer theory?
Training sessions must be relevant
Performers need to be exposed to transferable elements
Coach should identify similarities between skills
Coach should emphasise transfer
What are the 5 types of transfer?
Proactive, retroactive, bilateral, positive, negative
What is proactive transfer?
When a skill influences a skill that is yet to be learned
What is retroactive transfer?
If a skill influences one you can already do
What is retroactive transfer?
If a skill influences one you can already do
What is bilateral transfer?
Encouragement of Limb to limb transfer, right to left foot
What is positive transfer?
When a skill enhances the learning or oerformance in another skill
What is negative transfer?
When a skill may hinder the learning or performance of another skill so needs eliminating
Can cause poor habits
How to optimise positive effects of transfer?
Ensure performer understands requirement of skill, ensure environment in practice is similar to real situation
ensure learner is aware of transfer
Don’t teach areas that could cause negative transfer close together
If part practice, ensure first part is grooved
How does varied practice help transfer of skill?
Allows performance in many situations
Develops many correct responses
Develops decision making
player learns to adapt
Expands schema
