Skill Acquistion Flashcards
Describe the Continuum for Difficulty.
Based on decision making
Complex-Simple
Complex skill= Involves a high level of decision making and has a large cognitive/ thinking element to it.
Simple Skill= Has a limited amount of information to process and a smaller cognitive element.
Describe the Continuum for Environmental Influence.
Open-Closed
Open skill= Is one that is affected by the sporting environment. The performer has to make decisions in response to their surroundings.
Closed skill= Involves less decision making as it has a predictable environment. Performer can take time to execute the skill.
Describe the Continuum for Pacing.
Self Paced-Externally Paced
Self Paced skill= Is at the control of the performer and the rate of execution is decided before execution.
Externally Paced skill= Is controlled but factors out of the performers control.
Describe the Continuum for Muscular Involvement.
Fine-Gross
Fine skill=Involves intricate, precise movements that use small muscle groups and generally involve high levels of hand eye coordination.
Gross Skill=Involves large muscle movements which aren’t very precise and include many fundamental movements (e.g. Running, jumping etc)
Describe the Continuum for Continuity.
Discrete-Serial-Continuous
Discrete= Brief, well defined actions that have a clear beginning and end.
Serial= A group of discrete skills strung together to make a new and complex movement.
Continuous= Have no clear beginning or end, end of one cycle of movement is the beginning of the next cycle.
Describe the Continuum for Organisation.
Low Organised-High Organised
Low Organised= Very easy and uncomplicated.The phases that make up the skill are usually discrete.
High Organised= Has a complex amount of phases which can’t be broken down or practised separately. They require large amounts of attention.
State the 5 types of Transfer of skills.
- Proactive
- Retroactive
- Positive
- Negative
- Bilateral
Describe Proactive Transfer of skills.
Give a sporting example.
The influence of one skill on the performance of another skill.
E.g. Knowing how to do a push pass and then doing a strike in hockey.
Describe Retroactive Transfer of Skills.
Give a sporting example.
The influence of one skill on the LEARNING of a skill.
E.g. Learning how to do a free kick after being able to do a shot in football.
Describe Positive Transfer of skills.
When one skill helps another which can include transfer of skills between different sports.
E.g. Being able to do a backhand in tennis and learning how to do a backhand hit in Badminton.
Describe Negative transfer of skills.
Give a sporting example.
The learning of one skill that HINDERS the learning of another skills.
E.g. Learning to serve in tennis compared to serving in badminton.
Describe Bilateral Transfer of skills.
Give a sporting example.
The transfer of learning from one limb to another.
E.g. Being able to do a penalty shot in football with your right foot and then learning to do it with your left foot.
Name the 3 learning theories.
- Observational Learning
- Operant Conditioning
- Cognitive Learning
Describe the Observational Learning theory.
Who was it developed by?
Developed by Bandura
States that performers learn new skills by observing others.
They develop a mental picture of how the skill movement is performed, they learn through demonstrations and can copy from a role model.
What are the 4 stages to Bandura’s theory?
Describe each stage.
- Attention- watch a demonstration and identify cues.
- Retention- create the mental picture of the skill required, practising skill in mind so correct skills are performed in correct order.
- Motor Reproduction- the physical movement to perform the skill and age the ability to be able to repeat the skill either first time or through a series of progressions.
- Motivation- the learners need, want or desire to replicate the skill
