Skill Acquisition- year 2- information processing (P1) Flashcards
What is information processing?
The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised
What is the basic information processing model?
Input -> Decision Making -> Output
What is the input stage?
Information picked up by the senses from the display
What is the display? and what does it include?
The sporting environment which can include: condition of the pitch, opposition, court, the crowd and team mates etc.
What are the five senses and what do they make up?
Sight, auditory, touch, balance and kinaesthesis
Makes up the receptor system
What are the external and internal senses?
external- sight and hearing
Internal- kinaesthesis, balance, touch
What are internal senses also known as?
Proprioceptors
What is an example of using sight?
Picking up the flight of the ball
What is an example of using auditory senses?
Hearing the call from a team mate
What is the receptor system?
The senses that pick up information from the display
What is an example of using the sense of touch?
Feeling the grip of a football
What is an example of someone using the sense of balance?
A gymnast on a beam needs an acute sense of balance
What is kinaesthesis?
The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
What is an example of using the sense kinaesthesis in sport?
A diver performing a routine that requires an idea of body positon and orientation
What is the working memory system?
It forms an integral part of processing sporting information.
What is the central executive?
The control centre of the memory system, it uses three other systems to control all the information moving in and out of the memory system.
What is the Phonological loop?
Deals with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
What is the Episode buffer?
Co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long-term memory.
What is the long term memory?
Receives information from the working memory and has unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes.
What are the characteristics of the memory system?
. Limited capacity- only around 7 items at any one time
. Limited time scale- 30 seconds until information is lost or used
. important information can be stored in the long term memory as a motor programme
. The long term memory has a large capacity, potentially a lifetime.
How could a coach ensure items are stored in the long term memory and explain?
. Mental practice
. Association- Linking the stored actions of a skill to an emotion or other action
. Focus- By ignoring distractions, the process of selective attention can occur
. Chunking- Breaking the skill into sub-routines
. Rewards- Extrinsic and intrinsic rewards help to motivate a performer to remember the actions
. Chaining- Items of information are recalled as a sequence, such as one move linking to the next, helps to remember the information.
What does the schema theory suggest?
That there doesn’t have to be a structured set of movements to develop skills, and instead core principles can be taken from an existing motor programme and then adapted
What are the two sections of schema and what are the two parts within them?
Recall- Initial conditions and response specifications
Recognition- Sensory consequences and response outcome
What is the initial conditions of schema?
Information from the sporting environment
What is the response specifications of schema?
Information from the sporting environment about what the performer should do
What is the sensory consequences of schema?
Information about the feel of the movement
What is the response outcome of schema?
Feedback about the result
What implications are there for coaching when using schema and explain why?
- Coach may use varied practice so players build up many motor programmes
- feedback should be given such as telling a player when to use schema and if the transfer of skills are successful then praise should be used to reinforce the transfer.
What is the definition of reaction time?
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response.
What is the definition of movement time?
The time taken to complete the task.
What is the definition of response time and the formula?
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task.
Reaction time + movement time= response time
What are the two types of reaction time?
Simple and choice
What is simple reaction time?
When there is one specific response to one stimulus. e.g an athlete responding to the starters gun
What is choice reaction time?
When there is numerous stimuli and a number of responses . e.g in a team game where there is many options to pass to.
What is Hick’s Law?
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases.
How can Hick’s law be used to a players advantage?
It can keep an opponent guessing such as a tennis player mixing up her serves which means the receiver has more potential choices which may slow down reaction time.
Describe the graphical relationship between reaction time and the number of choices.
As the choices increase the reaction slows down but as the number of choices increase the reaction time slows at a slower rate because the environment becomes familiar and so the graph may begin to plateau.
What does the single channel hypothesis state?
Only one stimulus can be processed at a time.
What is the psychological refractory period?
A delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed.
Give an example of the psychological refractory period?
When the the receiver in tennis is expecting the opponents shot to come straight over the net to the base line but then hits the net and deflects to inside the service box. This causes a delayed response as the old stimulus has to be disregarded before reacting to the new one.
When can the PRP be used to a players advantage?
By performing a fake or dummy pass gives the opposition an extra stimulus and the delay can be used to get past them.
What is anticipation?
Pre-judging a stimulus
What are the two types of anticipation?
Temporal and spatial
What is temporal anticipation?
Judging when the stimulus is going to happen
What is spatial anticipation?
Judging where and what is going to happen
What may happen if anticipation is incorrectly judged?
The stimulus presented may not be the one expected which cause a PRP while the new stimulus is processed.
How can response time be improved?
- A player can use mental practice
- The player could train to an expected stimulus upcoming in a game
- Improved focus and concentration in a game so a stimulus is picked up early
- Improved fitness improves movement time and therefore response time
- A player may choose to use anticipation
what is selective attention?
Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
How might a performer develop selective attention? give examples with each point
. By learning to focus and concentrate on the stimulus- bibs
. A player may learn to ignore distractions by training with them in a realistic environment- England rugby
. Improved motivation- rewards
. Mental practice- rock climber
What are the benefits of selective attention?
.Improves reaction time
. Increases chance of making correct decision
. Player can concentrate on more detailed aspects of the game
. Improves memory function as their is less information for the memory system
What does DCR stand for?
Detection, Comparison, Recognition
Explain the three components of DCR?
Detection: the relevant information has been picked up
Comparison: matching the information from the detection to information already in the memory of the performer
Recognition: Information from the memory has been used to identify an appropriate response
What are the stages of the information processing model?
The display Receptor systems Perceptual mechanisms Translatory mechanisms Effector mechanism Muscular system Output data Feedback data
What does the perceptual mechanism do?
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information.
What does the translatory mechanism do?
Adapts and compares coded information to memory so decisions can be made.
What is the effector mechanism?
The network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles.
What is the feedback data?
Information used during or after the response that aids movement correction.
