Skill Acquisition Flashcards
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What is a skill?
A learned action or behaviour, in order to bring predetermined results.
What is are the 7 characteristics of a skill? (ACEFACE)
A - Aesthetically pleasing
C - Controlled
E - Efficient
F - Fluent
A - Accurate
C - Consistent
E - Economical (using least amount of energy while maintaining efficiency)
What are the different types of skill continua?
Open - Closed
Gross - Fine
Self Paced - Externally paced
Simple - Complex
Discrete - Serial - Continuous
High - Low
Define an Open skill
A skill performed in an unpredictable environment.
Define a Closed skill
A skill performed in a predictable environment.
Define a Gross skill
A skill using large muscle groups e.g. rugby tackle
Define a Fine skill
A skill uses small muscle groups e.g. table tennis
Define a Self-paced skill
A skill in which the start and speed is internally controlled e.g. the start of a long jump
Define a Externally-paced skill
A skill in which the start and speed is externally controlled e.g. making a tackle in hockey
Define a simple skill
A skill which involves little to no decision making. e.g. 100m sprint
Define a complex skill
A skill which requires a large amount of decision making. e.g. no.10 calling the next move for phase 2 in rugby
Define a Discrete skill
A skill that has a clear beginning and end
Define a Serial skill
A skill that involves several discrete skills,.
Define a continuous skill
A skill that does not have a clear beginning and end
Define a High Organised continuum skill
A skill that cannot be broken down easily into sub-routines
Define a Low Organised Skill
A skill that can be easily broken down into sub-routines
What is positive transfer?
The learning of one skill aids the learning of another.
Give an example of positive transfer
e.g. Goal Kick and Rugby T Shot
What is negative transfer?
The learning of one skill negatively affects the learning of another.
Give an example of negative transfer
e.g. a tennis serve and badminton serve ,, tennis requires a large amount of power, badminton requires minimal power
What is zero transfer?
The learning of one skill does not affect the learning of another in any way.
Give an example of zero transfer
e.g. shooting in handball , and divining from 10m into a somersault
What is bilateral transfer?
When the learning of a skill on one limb can be transferred to another limb
Give an example of bilateral transfer
e.g. learning to take a penalty with your left foot after becoming successful with your right foot in football.
Name 4 ways to ensure positive transfer
-Highlight the similarity
-Make training as realistic as possible
-Learn in groups of activities requiring similar abilities
-Start with basics then make skill more complex
Name four factors of the skill that must be considered before teaching it.
-Type of skill
-Danger
-Time
-Equipment/Facilities
Name four factors of the performer that must be considered before teaching them.
-Ability
-Experience
-Motivation
-Size of the group
What is whole practice?
Practicing the skill in its entirety
Advantages & Disadvantages of Whole practice
+Time efficient
+Fluency
+Gives performer a kinaesthetic sense feel
+Creates a mental image for the performer
-Weaker elements not practiced
-Information overload
-Highly fatiguing, could cause an injury
-No opportunities for feedback
What is Progressive part practice?
Practicing the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually. Sometimes known as chaining. e.g. dance routine
Advantages and Disadvantages of progressive part practice
+Allows performers to correct errors before they turn into habits
+Reduced cognitive load therefore not as overwhelming, increasing performer confidence
+Reduces chance of injury
-Time consuming
-Kinaesthetic sense at the end
-Whole experience delayed
What is Whole-part-whole
Practice skill in its entirety, identify weaknesses, then practice weakness in isolation. Then perform it in its entirety.
Advantages and disadvantages of Whole-part-whole.
+detects error and corrects it
+kinasthetic sense
-hard to break some skills down
-time consuming
-not good for groups
What is Massed Practice?
Repeating a skill or action a numerous times, with no rest periods.
-suited to simple skills, e.g. running
Advantages & Disadvantages of Massed Practice
+Fitness Development
+Overlearn essential skills
+Maximise Practice time
-Physically Challenging
-No feedback
-Not good for high intensity sports due to high fatigue
What is Distributed practice?
Distributed practice is practice of a skill with recovery periods in between each attempt.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Distributed Practice
+High intensity
+Can give feedback/guidance
-Time consuming
-Breaks=distraction
What is Variable Practice?
Varied practice involves practicing a skill in different environments or situations.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Varied practice
+Develops decision making ability
+Prevents Boredom
-Can be overwhelming
-Core skills need learning first
What is Mental Practice?
Mental practice involves visualizing or mentally rehearsing a skill without physical movement.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Mental Practice
+builds motor programmes
+builds confidence
+controls anxiety
-must be correct
-must be in a calm environment
Explain the Cognitive, stage of learning
The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub routines are explored by trial and error.
Explain the Associative, stage of learning
The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother
Explain the Autonomous, stage of learning
The final stage of learning and used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific
Define a learning plateau
When performance begins to decrease, despite on going trials
What are some causes of learning plateaus?
-Poor quality coaching
-Not physically able
-Task is too difficult
-Goal not achievable
-Reached full potential
-Mental image of skill not formed
-Boredom/Tedium
What are some solutions to learning plateaus?
-High quality coaching
-Setting realistic goals
-Correcting errors in subroutines
-Setting individual goals
-Providing demonstrations(creating a mental image in the performer
What is insight learning (cognitive , Gestalt)?
- the process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known
- learn the skill as a whole and through experience
- encourages problem solving and develops tactics
-creates problem solvers, increases motivation
What is operant conditioning (Behavourism , Skinner) ?
- trial and error
- reinforcement- positive, negative, punishment
- manipulate the environment
- stimulus-response bond
What is social development theory (Constructivism)
- what can I do alone? What can I do with help? What can I not do yet?
- learning through interaction
- MKO
- zone of proximal learning- process of how they learn
What is social learning theory? (Bandura)
- learning from observing others (copying)
- ARMM (banduras armm)
- attention- high status individual
- retention- memorable demonstration
- motor production- practising what you have done
- motivation- drive to complete
What is verbal guidance?
Verbal guidance is when a coach provides spoken instructions or feedback to help a performer learn or improve a skill.
What is visual guidance
Visual guidance is when a performer is shown how to complete a skill through demonstrations.
What is manual guidance?
Manual guidance is when a coach physically supports or moves a performer to help them learn the correct technique of a skill. e.g. helping with golf swing
What is mechanical guidance?
Mechanical guidance is when equipment or devices are used to support a performer in learning a skill by reducing fear or increasing stability. e.g. arm bands in swimming
What is positive feedback?
Positive feedback is notifying what the performer is doing correctly, e.g. praise from coach
What is negative feedback
Negative feedback is telling a performer what they have done incorrectly.
What is Knowledge of results?
KOR is knowing the outcome of a performance, e.g. score at the end of a rugby match
What is knowledge of performance?
KOP is how well the athlete performed, not the end result.
What is intrinsic motivation?
Motivation which comes from within.
What is extrinsic motivation?
Motivation which comes from an outside source.
