Information Processing Flashcards
What are the different stages within whitings model?
- display/input
-receptor system (sensory organs)
-PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM
-TRANSLATORY MECHANISM
-EFFECTOR MECHANISM
-muscular system
-feedback
What is the display?
The sporting environment e.g. condition of pitch, opposition, crows, referee and team mates.
What is the input stage
Information picked up by the senses
Receptor system
The senses that pick information up from the display. e.g. ears, eyes, proprioceptors
Translatory mechanism
Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made. For example, selecting the motor programme for receiving a high ball.
Perceptual mechanism
-Uses selective attention, to filter in and out irrelevant and relevant information
-DCR process (Detection, Comparison and Recognition)
-The performer then makes an informed decision within the information gathered (decision making)
DCR process
Detection- detects relevant information from display
Comparison- compares important information to memory
Recognition- Uses information from memory to identify an appropriate response
Effector mechanism
The network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles.
Muscular System
-Muscular contractions occur
-Timing/sequencing
Feedback
-Information received during or after the event to aid movement correction
-Extrinsic feedback - from an outside source
-Intrinsic feedback- from within
The factors in the Baddeley and Hitch working memory model
-Central executive
-Phonological loop
-Visuospatial sketch pad
-Episodic buffer
-Long term memory
Central Executive
the control center of working memory model. it co-ordinates the three systems to move information in and out of the memory system
Phonological loop
the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
Visuospatial sketch pad
the part of working memory that is used to store visual and spatial information
Episodic Buffer
Co-ordinates sight, auditory and movement information from the working memory into sequences for the long term memory
Long Term memory
the relatively permanent storage of information
Short-Term Memory (STM)
-Also known as working memory; where information is consciously processed.
-Holds 7 ± 2 bits of information for 30-60 seconds.
-Information can be acted upon or discarded if not used.
-Repeating information keeps it in STM until transferred to LTM or forgotten.
-Remembering a phone number while dialing.
Chunking
breaking the skilled action into parts or sub-routines
Long Term memory (LTM)
Definition: Stores past experiences and information for a long time.
Capacity: Thought to be limitless or with no maximum.
Duration: Memories can be stored indefinitely or for a lifetime.
Examples: Motor skills, names, songs, equations, and words.
STM VS LTM
STM: Limited capacity (7 ± 2 bits), short duration (30-60 seconds), conscious processing.
LTM: Unlimited capacity, indefinite storage, stores past experiences and skills.
What is the equation for Response time?
Response Time= Reaction Time + Movement Time
Define response time
time taken from the onset stimulus to the completion of a task.
Define Reaction time
Time taken from to respond to a stimuli
Define movement time
time taken to complete the task
What are the 2 types of reaction times
-Simple reaction time
-Choice reaction time
What is a simple reaction
when there is only one stimulus, therefore one response
What is a choice reaction time
when there is multiple stimuli, therefore multiple responses
-this could account for a slower response as there a more choices
What are the 3 theories that suggest there are certain factors that influence response time?
-Hicks Law
-Single-Channel Hypothesis
-Psychological refractory period
Explain Hicks Law
Hicks law states that the more choices an we have, the slower the reaction time
Explain single-channel hypothesis
The single-channel hypothesis states that only one stimulus can be processed at a time.
-Therefore a second stimulus must wait until the first has been processed. e.g. like car queuing
Explain psychological refractory period
the psychological refractory period is a delay when a second stimulus is presented, before the first has been processed
Factors affecting response time
-Age
-Gender
-Drug use
-Arousal level (close to optimal)
-Experience level
-Fatigue
What is anticipation?
When a sports performer tries to pre-judge a stimuli.
What are the 2 different types of anticipation?
-Temporal
-Spatial
What is spatial anticipation?
Spatial anticipation refers to where and what is going to happen
-e.g. A goalkeeper predicting where a striker will shoot based on their body position and movement before the ball is kicked.
What is temporal anticipation?
Temporal anticipation is judging when something is going to happen.
-e.g. A sprinter reacting to the starting gun as quickly as possible to get a fast start.
What are some strategies to improve response time?
-use mental practice/rehearsal
-performer to train to the specific stimulus
-improve overall fitness
-use anticipation
What are the different stages within schema theory?
RECALL
1) initial conditions (where am i)
2) response specification (what is expected)
(perform skill/run motor programmes)
RECOGNITION
3) sensory consequences (how did it look and feel)
4) response outcome (how did it work)
What does schema theory suggest?
Schema theory suggests that we store motor programmes and adapt them to suit our needs.
What is ‘initial conditions’ in schema
this relates to the situation at the start of a movement. For example, our body position and the environment around us.
What is ‘response specification’ in schema
is the information relating to what you need to do to score. This may mean shooting around a defender by putting swerve on the ball or simply sending the ball through a gap between two defenders.
What is ‘sensory consequences’ in schema
this is the same as knowledge of performance. It refers to kinaesthetic feedback we get as we perform the skill.
What is ‘response specification’ in schema
This is the same as knowledge of results. It relates to how the ball travelled. Did it fly in the direction and with the pace that we wanted it to or did it hit a defender or fly straight to the goalkeeper?
How can you develop ‘schema’
Variable practice can be used to developed schema as it places in a number of different situations to form memories from the successes and failures in these situations. e.g. setting up multiple drills in football
What are the strategies to improve information processing.
