Skill Acquisition Flashcards
7 characteristics of a skill
ACE FACE
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
Fluent
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Gross/fine skill + eg
Gross-
Large muscles involved
Little fine control required
Associated with strength,power+endurance
Eg-rugby tackle
Fine-
Intricate, fine movements using small muscle groups
Accurate and precise
Requires good hand eye coordination
Eg-darts
Self and externally paced skill+eg
Self paced-performer- has control of the rate/speed of it
-Involves action by performer (initiating the movement)
Eg-penalty
Externally paced- the performer has no control over the rate at which the skill is carried out
-involved reaction by the performer
Eg- goalkeeping
discrete skill
+eg
-clear beginning/end
-single specific skill
Eg-rugby pass
Serial skill
+eg
Several discrete movements/elements to make a sequence
The order of elements are important
Eg- a dance routing
Continuous skill +eg
No obvious beginning/end
End of one cycle is the beginning of the next
Eg-running
High/low organisation
+eg
High organisation skill -
– skill is not easily broken down
– Best practice as a whole
– Kicking football as can’t break the movement down
Low organisational skill-
Routines tend to be discreet (but a small parts of the moon together for example in swimming you practice your leg kicks , breathing, arms etc)
Simple/complex skill +eg
Simple- small amount of decisions to be made whilst processing a small amount of information
Eg- Forward roll
Complex - large amount of information being processed and lots of decisions to be made
Eg- dribbling in football
definition of transfer of learning
the influence of one skill onto performance of another
what is a positive transfer
+eg
occurs when learning in one task is enhanced by learning in another task
eg- an over arm volleyball serve is helped by a tennis serve ( because of the action)
what is a zero transfer
+eg
no transfer at all may occur even between skills which appear to be similar
eg- cricket and rugby
negative transfer and example
occurs when the learning of a new skill is interfered with the knowledge of a similar activity
Bi-lateral transfer (limb to limb)
and example
this is the transfer which takes place from one side to another
eg- throwing a rugby pass of your left and right
how can skill classification change
(2 marks)
swimming and basketball
in swimming the dive will be seen as discrete however the swimming stone can be seen as continuous
in basketball dribbling can be classified as closed in a relay situation (shooting hoops in a court) or open in a game
why do we classify skills
(3 marks)
-shows his skills change with the situation
-in order to make practice relevant
-the continuum show a range of extent to which a skill meets classification criteria
what is whole practice
the task can be presented in its entirely with sub-routines intact
sporting examples and ideal conditions for whole practice
-golf swing and kicking a ball
-high organisation, closed, discrete and simple
3 advantage and disadvantage for whole practice
+/
builds image, fluency and understanding
-/
not for beginners, can be beyond capability of the performer and can be to much info
what is progressive part practice
when each part of the skill is added
ideal conditions and sporting examples for progressive part practice
for dangerous, easily broken down complex tasks and sportign
examples are a dance routine and triple jump
3 advantage’s and disadvantages for progressive part practice
+/
more motivation and confidence less danger and less fatigue can focus on weakness
-/
time consuming, fluency and links?
what is whole part whole
where you practice the skill as one then take it apart, and then place it all together again
whole part whole ideal conditions and sporting examples
swimming
to identify weakness and for fast discrete skills that are hard to break down
3 advantages and 1 disadvantages for whole part whole
+/
an overall feeling is initially developed and can isolate a weakness and success is continuous by developing the weaker sub routines
-/
transfer from the part to whole may be difficult as some skills are difficult to breakdown as the overall timing may be affected
factors affecting choice of method for presentation of practice
-type of skill
-complexity of the skill
-the environment
-the ability level of the performer
-the motivational level of the performer
progressive part method shown in letters
a-> b -> ab -> c -> abc -> d -> abcd
whole part whole shown in letters
abcd -> a -> b -> c -> d -> abcd
what is massed practice
practice sessions with no rest intervals
massed practice sporting examples
a rugby pass or jogging
advantages and disadvantages for massed practice
+/
good for fine skills and discrete skills , increases fitness
-/
no time for feedback and fatigue
what is distributed practice
training sessions which include rest intervals which could improve mental practice
massed practice sporting examples
100m/sprinting
trampolining
swimming
for beginners for complex/serial skills
advantages and disadvantages for distributed practice
+/
less dangerous, facilitates coaching also allows recovery
-/
time consuming and could cause negative transfer
what is variable practice
its practice conditions are varied to encourage the formation of schema
variable practice sporting examples
eg mainly team sports
a football/rugby pass
3 advantages and 2 disadvantages for variable practice
+/
motivation, develop schema and building sun-routines
-/
negative transfer and time consuming
who to use variable practice for
beginners, open skills and different methods
what is mental practice
the mental or cognitive rehearsal of a skill without actual physical movement
who uses mental practice
the top level sportsmen
advantages and disadvantages of mental practice
+/
good for dangerous skills, improves confidence and lowers anxiety
-/
must be the correct environment and must be calm
examples of mental practice
before a conversion or before a game
uses of mental practice
-imagine success
-used to control arousal
-imagine success or avoid failure
-creates a mental image of the skill
-build self-confidence
what is verbal guidance
it is explained to the performer about what to do
advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance
+/
can highlight a coaching point, compliments visual guidance and can be used for technical help or tactical
-/must be clear, can be misunderstood and can overload performer with info if not brief
example of visual guidance
on how to perform a rugby tackle or how to shoot in basketball
what is manual guidance
its supporting or physically moving a learners body
advantages and disadvantages of manual guidance
+/
eliminates danger, gives an early feel of motion and gives confidence
-/may interfere with kinesthesis if overused, performer may lose motivation/confidence if they cant do it without the help and the proximity of the coach may add pressure
examples of manual guidance
showing/assisting the action of a golf swing or tennis when you hold there wrists during the action
what is mechanical guidance
using a mechanical aid to fix the learners body position
advantages and disadvantages of mechanical guidance
+/
gives a feel of the whole skill, builds confidence and prevents injury
-/
may interfere with kinesthesis if overused, confidence and motivation can be lost if performer cant do the skill without the aid
examples of mechanical guidance
a swimming armband
what is positive feedback
what you got correct
what is negative feedback
what you got wrong
what is extrinsic feedback
outside source of feedback
what is intrinsic feedback
from within- kinesthetic feeling
knowledge of results
info about the outcome eg score/ a win
knowledge of performance
about technique and movement pattern basically how well you played
can be intrinsic (kinesthesis) or extrinsic
benefits of feedback
-improved confidence
-motivation
-correct errors
-makes the stimulus-response bond stronger
what is a plateau
a period of no improvement in performance
name 7 features of operant conditioning
-shaping behaviour
-trial + error
-manipulating environment
-reinforcement
-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement
-punishment
what is observational learning
it’s where a coach uses strategies to ensure the demonstration and when they are successfully copied
4 factors to consider (bandura)
-attention
-retention
-motor reproduction
-motivation
how to make demonstrations effective
-show from all angles
-do mental practice
-repeat
-highlight cues
-allow time to practice
-do mental practice
social development theory vygotsky
-created in 1978 look at the development of young children mainly seceded that interaction with others are a vital role in learning
what is mko in the (sdt)
more knowledgeable other
what is the inter psychological learning
when the learner uses the mko to get advice and feedback and tactical knowledge
what is constructivism (sdt)
is to build on what you know working with others it kelly to develop skills since you learn from the action of those who are more experienced/ mko and add their action to the ones you know
what is the zone of proximal development (sdt)
is an assessment of what they need to do next to learn the skill
what are the 3 stages of zone of proximal development
what can i do alone
what can i do with help
what can i not do yet
what is operant conditioning
works by strengthening the link between stimulus and response
what are the limitation of conditioning theories
-don’t understand why your doing it like that
-only learning skills when being rewarded
limitations of observational learning
-don’t understand the point of it
-don’t only learn skills through demonstration
limitation of the social development theory
-may not be relevant for new or unseen skills
-depends on physical abilities of performer to improve
what is a cognitive theory/ insight learning
using experience and understanding to solve problems relation to the whole skill
key terms for cognitive theory
when, where, why to use a skill
sporting example cognitive theory/ insight learning
1500m learning to pace yourself
limitations of cognitive theory/ insight learning
novice might not have enough experience to generate there solutions to sporting problems
cause of plateau
lack of motivation
fatigue
boredom
targets too low
limit of ability
strategies to stop a plateau
-rewards reinforcement
-test
-different practice
-new challenges/goals
-explain the plateau
-change coach
definition cognitive stage
understanding of the activity analysis of techniques and use of models
initial learning of basic skill
what is associative stage
the practice stage
key terms -
consistently improving
skill still inconsistent
error detection/ correction
what is autonomous stage
elite sports person
key terms-
-action is automatic can focus on tactics
-habitual ( becomes a habit )
-errors are detected intrinsically
