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PE > Skill Acquisition > Flashcards

Skill Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

7 characteristics of a skill
ACE FACE

A

Accurate
Controlled
Economical

Fluent
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient

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2
Q

Gross/fine skill + eg

A

Gross-
Large muscles involved
Little fine control required
Associated with strength,power+endurance
Eg-rugby tackle

Fine-
Intricate, fine movements using small muscle groups
Accurate and precise
Requires good hand eye coordination
Eg-darts

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3
Q

Self and externally paced skill+eg

A

Self paced-performer- has control of the rate/speed of it
-Involves action by performer (initiating the movement)
Eg-penalty

Externally paced- the performer has no control over the rate at which the skill is carried out
-involved reaction by the performer
Eg- goalkeeping

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4
Q

discrete skill
+eg

A

-clear beginning/end
-single specific skill
Eg-rugby pass

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5
Q

Serial skill
+eg

A

Several discrete movements/elements to make a sequence

The order of elements are important

Eg- a dance routing

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6
Q

Continuous skill +eg

A

No obvious beginning/end

End of one cycle is the beginning of the next

Eg-running

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7
Q

High/low organisation
+eg

A

High organisation skill -
– skill is not easily broken down
– Best practice as a whole
– Kicking football as can’t break the movement down

Low organisational skill-
Routines tend to be discreet (but a small parts of the moon together for example in swimming you practice your leg kicks , breathing, arms etc)

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8
Q

Simple/complex skill +eg

A

Simple- small amount of decisions to be made whilst processing a small amount of information
Eg- Forward roll

Complex - large amount of information being processed and lots of decisions to be made
Eg- dribbling in football

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9
Q

definition of transfer of learning

A

the influence of one skill onto performance of another

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10
Q

what is a positive transfer
+eg

A

occurs when learning in one task is enhanced by learning in another task

eg- an over arm volleyball serve is helped by a tennis serve ( because of the action)

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11
Q

what is a zero transfer
+eg

A

no transfer at all may occur even between skills which appear to be similar
eg- cricket and rugby

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12
Q

negative transfer and example

A

occurs when the learning of a new skill is interfered with the knowledge of a similar activity

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13
Q

Bi-lateral transfer (limb to limb)
and example

A

this is the transfer which takes place from one side to another
eg- throwing a rugby pass of your left and right

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14
Q

how can skill classification change
(2 marks)
swimming and basketball

A

in swimming the dive will be seen as discrete however the swimming stone can be seen as continuous

in basketball dribbling can be classified as closed in a relay situation (shooting hoops in a court) or open in a game

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15
Q

why do we classify skills
(3 marks)

A

-shows his skills change with the situation
-in order to make practice relevant
-the continuum show a range of extent to which a skill meets classification criteria

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16
Q

what is whole practice

A

the task can be presented in its entirely with sub-routines intact

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17
Q

sporting examples and ideal conditions for whole practice

A

-golf swing and kicking a ball
-high organisation, closed, discrete and simple

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18
Q

3 advantage and disadvantage for whole practice

A

+/
builds image, fluency and understanding
-/
not for beginners, can be beyond capability of the performer and can be to much info

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19
Q

what is progressive part practice

A

when each part of the skill is added

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20
Q

ideal conditions and sporting examples for progressive part practice

A

for dangerous, easily broken down complex tasks and sportign

examples are a dance routine and triple jump

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21
Q

3 advantage’s and disadvantages for progressive part practice

A

+/
more motivation and confidence less danger and less fatigue can focus on weakness
-/
time consuming, fluency and links?

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22
Q

what is whole part whole

A

where you practice the skill as one then take it apart, and then place it all together again

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23
Q

whole part whole ideal conditions and sporting examples

A

swimming
to identify weakness and for fast discrete skills that are hard to break down

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24
Q

3 advantages and 1 disadvantages for whole part whole

A

+/
an overall feeling is initially developed and can isolate a weakness and success is continuous by developing the weaker sub routines
-/
transfer from the part to whole may be difficult as some skills are difficult to breakdown as the overall timing may be affected

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25
Q

factors affecting choice of method for presentation of practice

A

-type of skill
-complexity of the skill
-the environment
-the ability level of the performer
-the motivational level of the performer

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26
Q

progressive part method shown in letters

A

a-> b -> ab -> c -> abc -> d -> abcd

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27
Q

whole part whole shown in letters

A

abcd -> a -> b -> c -> d -> abcd

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28
Q

what is massed practice

A

practice sessions with no rest intervals

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29
Q

massed practice sporting examples

A

a rugby pass or jogging

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30
Q

advantages and disadvantages for massed practice

A

+/
good for fine skills and discrete skills , increases fitness
-/
no time for feedback and fatigue

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31
Q

what is distributed practice

A

training sessions which include rest intervals which could improve mental practice

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32
Q

massed practice sporting examples

A

100m/sprinting
trampolining
swimming
for beginners for complex/serial skills

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33
Q

advantages and disadvantages for distributed practice

A

+/
less dangerous, facilitates coaching also allows recovery
-/
time consuming and could cause negative transfer

34
Q

what is variable practice

A

its practice conditions are varied to encourage the formation of schema

35
Q

variable practice sporting examples

A

eg mainly team sports
a football/rugby pass

36
Q

3 advantages and 2 disadvantages for variable practice

A

+/
motivation, develop schema and building sun-routines
-/
negative transfer and time consuming

37
Q

who to use variable practice for

A

beginners, open skills and different methods

38
Q

what is mental practice

A

the mental or cognitive rehearsal of a skill without actual physical movement

39
Q

who uses mental practice

A

the top level sportsmen

40
Q

advantages and disadvantages of mental practice

A

+/
good for dangerous skills, improves confidence and lowers anxiety
-/
must be the correct environment and must be calm

41
Q

examples of mental practice

A

before a conversion or before a game

42
Q

uses of mental practice

A

-imagine success
-used to control arousal
-imagine success or avoid failure
-creates a mental image of the skill
-build self-confidence

43
Q

what is verbal guidance

A

it is explained to the performer about what to do

44
Q

advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance

A

+/
can highlight a coaching point, compliments visual guidance and can be used for technical help or tactical
-/must be clear, can be misunderstood and can overload performer with info if not brief

45
Q

example of visual guidance

A

on how to perform a rugby tackle or how to shoot in basketball

46
Q

what is manual guidance

A

its supporting or physically moving a learners body

47
Q

advantages and disadvantages of manual guidance

A

+/
eliminates danger, gives an early feel of motion and gives confidence
-/may interfere with kinesthesis if overused, performer may lose motivation/confidence if they cant do it without the help and the proximity of the coach may add pressure

48
Q

examples of manual guidance

A

showing/assisting the action of a golf swing or tennis when you hold there wrists during the action

49
Q

what is mechanical guidance

A

using a mechanical aid to fix the learners body position

50
Q

advantages and disadvantages of mechanical guidance

A

+/
gives a feel of the whole skill, builds confidence and prevents injury
-/
may interfere with kinesthesis if overused, confidence and motivation can be lost if performer cant do the skill without the aid

51
Q

examples of mechanical guidance

A

a swimming armband

52
Q

what is positive feedback

A

what you got correct

53
Q

what is negative feedback

A

what you got wrong

54
Q

what is extrinsic feedback

A

outside source of feedback

55
Q

what is intrinsic feedback

A

from within- kinesthetic feeling

56
Q

knowledge of results

A

info about the outcome eg score/ a win

57
Q

knowledge of performance

A

about technique and movement pattern basically how well you played
can be intrinsic (kinesthesis) or extrinsic

58
Q

benefits of feedback

A

-improved confidence
-motivation
-correct errors
-makes the stimulus-response bond stronger

59
Q

what is a plateau

A

a period of no improvement in performance

60
Q

name 7 features of operant conditioning

A

-shaping behaviour
-trial + error
-manipulating environment
-reinforcement
-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement
-punishment

61
Q

what is observational learning

A

it’s where a coach uses strategies to ensure the demonstration and when they are successfully copied

62
Q

4 factors to consider (bandura)

A

-attention
-retention
-motor reproduction
-motivation

63
Q

how to make demonstrations effective

A

-show from all angles
-do mental practice
-repeat
-highlight cues
-allow time to practice
-do mental practice

64
Q

social development theory vygotsky

A

-created in 1978 look at the development of young children mainly seceded that interaction with others are a vital role in learning

65
Q

what is mko in the (sdt)

A

more knowledgeable other

66
Q

what is the inter psychological learning

A

when the learner uses the mko to get advice and feedback and tactical knowledge

67
Q

what is constructivism (sdt)

A

is to build on what you know working with others it kelly to develop skills since you learn from the action of those who are more experienced/ mko and add their action to the ones you know

68
Q

what is the zone of proximal development (sdt)

A

is an assessment of what they need to do next to learn the skill

69
Q

what are the 3 stages of zone of proximal development

A

what can i do alone
what can i do with help
what can i not do yet

70
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

works by strengthening the link between stimulus and response

71
Q

what are the limitation of conditioning theories

A

-don’t understand why your doing it like that
-only learning skills when being rewarded

72
Q

limitations of observational learning

A

-don’t understand the point of it
-don’t only learn skills through demonstration

73
Q

limitation of the social development theory

A

-may not be relevant for new or unseen skills
-depends on physical abilities of performer to improve

74
Q

what is a cognitive theory/ insight learning

A

using experience and understanding to solve problems relation to the whole skill

75
Q

key terms for cognitive theory

A

when, where, why to use a skill

76
Q

sporting example cognitive theory/ insight learning

A

1500m learning to pace yourself

77
Q

limitations of cognitive theory/ insight learning

A

novice might not have enough experience to generate there solutions to sporting problems

78
Q

cause of plateau

A

lack of motivation
fatigue
boredom
targets too low
limit of ability

79
Q

strategies to stop a plateau

A

-rewards reinforcement
-test
-different practice
-new challenges/goals
-explain the plateau
-change coach

80
Q

definition cognitive stage

A

understanding of the activity analysis of techniques and use of models

initial learning of basic skill

81
Q

what is associative stage

A

the practice stage
key terms -
consistently improving
skill still inconsistent
error detection/ correction

82
Q

what is autonomous stage

A

elite sports person
key terms-
-action is automatic can focus on tactics
-habitual ( becomes a habit )
-errors are detected intrinsically

PE (3 decks)

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