Skill Acquisition Flashcards
7 characteristics of a skill
ACE FACE
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
Fluent
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Gross/fine skill + eg
Gross-
Large muscles involved
Little fine control required
Associated with strength,power+endurance
Eg-rugby tackle
Fine-
Intricate, fine movements using small muscle groups
Accurate and precise
Requires good hand eye coordination
Eg-darts
Self and externally paced skill+eg
Self paced-performer- has control of the rate/speed of it
-Involves action by performer (initiating the movement)
Eg-penalty
Externally paced- the performer has no control over the rate at which the skill is carried out
-involved reaction by the performer
Eg- goalkeeping
discrete skill
+eg
-clear beginning/end
-single specific skill
Eg-rugby pass
Serial skill
+eg
Several discrete movements/elements to make a sequence
The order of elements are important
Eg- a dance routing
Continuous skill +eg
No obvious beginning/end
End of one cycle is the beginning of the next
Eg-running
High/low organisation
+eg
High organisation skill -
– skill is not easily broken down
– Best practice as a whole
– Kicking football as can’t break the movement down
Low organisational skill-
Routines tend to be discreet (but a small parts of the moon together for example in swimming you practice your leg kicks , breathing, arms etc)
Simple/complex skill +eg
Simple- small amount of decisions to be made whilst processing a small amount of information
Eg- Forward roll
Complex - large amount of information being processed and lots of decisions to be made
Eg- dribbling in football
definition of transfer of learning
the influence of one skill onto performance of another
what is a positive transfer
+eg
occurs when learning in one task is enhanced by learning in another task
eg- an over arm volleyball serve is helped by a tennis serve ( because of the action)
what is a zero transfer
+eg
no transfer at all may occur even between skills which appear to be similar
eg- cricket and rugby
negative transfer and example
occurs when the learning of a new skill is interfered with the knowledge of a similar activity
Bi-lateral transfer (limb to limb)
and example
this is the transfer which takes place from one side to another
eg- throwing a rugby pass of your left and right
how can skill classification change
(2 marks)
swimming and basketball
in swimming the dive will be seen as discrete however the swimming stone can be seen as continuous
in basketball dribbling can be classified as closed in a relay situation (shooting hoops in a court) or open in a game
why do we classify skills
(3 marks)
-shows his skills change with the situation
-in order to make practice relevant
-the continuum show a range of extent to which a skill meets classification criteria
what is whole practice
the task can be presented in its entirely with sub-routines intact
sporting examples and ideal conditions for whole practice
-golf swing and kicking a ball
-high organisation, closed, discrete and simple
3 advantage and disadvantage for whole practice
+/
builds image, fluency and understanding
-/
not for beginners, can be beyond capability of the performer and can be to much info
what is progressive part practice
when each part of the skill is added
ideal conditions and sporting examples for progressive part practice
for dangerous, easily broken down complex tasks and sportign
examples are a dance routine and triple jump
3 advantage’s and disadvantages for progressive part practice
+/
more motivation and confidence less danger and less fatigue can focus on weakness
-/
time consuming, fluency and links?
what is whole part whole
where you practice the skill as one then take it apart, and then place it all together again
whole part whole ideal conditions and sporting examples
swimming
to identify weakness and for fast discrete skills that are hard to break down
3 advantages and 1 disadvantages for whole part whole
+/
an overall feeling is initially developed and can isolate a weakness and success is continuous by developing the weaker sub routines
-/
transfer from the part to whole may be difficult as some skills are difficult to breakdown as the overall timing may be affected
factors affecting choice of method for presentation of practice
-type of skill
-complexity of the skill
-the environment
-the ability level of the performer
-the motivational level of the performer
progressive part method shown in letters
a-> b -> ab -> c -> abc -> d -> abcd
whole part whole shown in letters
abcd -> a -> b -> c -> d -> abcd
what is massed practice
practice sessions with no rest intervals
massed practice sporting examples
a rugby pass or jogging
advantages and disadvantages for massed practice
+/
good for fine skills and discrete skills , increases fitness
-/
no time for feedback and fatigue
what is distributed practice
training sessions which include rest intervals which could improve mental practice
massed practice sporting examples
100m/sprinting
trampolining
swimming
for beginners for complex/serial skills
advantages and disadvantages for distributed practice
+/
less dangerous, facilitates coaching also allows recovery
-/
time consuming and could cause negative transfer
what is variable practice
its practice conditions are varied to encourage the formation of schema
variable practice sporting examples
eg mainly team sports
a football/rugby pass
3 advantages and 2 disadvantages for variable practice
+/
motivation, develop schema and building sun-routines
-/
negative transfer and time consuming
who to use variable practice for
beginners, open skills and different methods
what is mental practice
the mental or cognitive rehearsal of a skill without actual physical movement
who uses mental practice
the top level sportsmen
advantages and disadvantages of mental practice
+/
good for dangerous skills, improves confidence and lowers anxiety
-/
must be the correct environment and must be calm
examples of mental practice
before a conversion or before a game
uses of mental practice
-imagine success
-used to control arousal
-imagine success or avoid failure
-creates a mental image of the skill
-build self-confidence
what is verbal guidance
it is explained to the performer about what to do
advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance
+/
can highlight a coaching point, compliments visual guidance and can be used for technical help or tactical
-/must be clear, can be misunderstood and can overload performer with info if not brief
example of visual guidance
on how to perform a rugby tackle or how to shoot in basketball
what is manual guidance
its supporting or physically moving a learners body
advantages and disadvantages of manual guidance
+/
eliminates danger, gives an early feel of motion and gives confidence
-/may interfere with kinesthesis if overused, performer may lose motivation/confidence if they cant do it without the help and the proximity of the coach may add pressure
examples of manual guidance
showing/assisting the action of a golf swing or tennis when you hold there wrists during the action
what is mechanical guidance
using a mechanical aid to fix the learners body position
advantages and disadvantages of mechanical guidance
+/
gives a feel of the whole skill, builds confidence and prevents injury
-/
may interfere with kinesthesis if overused, confidence and motivation can be lost if performer cant do the skill without the aid
examples of mechanical guidance
a swimming armband
what is positive feedback
what you got correct
what is negative feedback
what you got wrong
what is extrinsic feedback
outside source of feedback
what is intrinsic feedback
from within- kinesthetic feeling
knowledge of results
info about the outcome eg score/ a win
knowledge of performance
about technique and movement pattern basically how well you played
can be intrinsic (kinesthesis) or extrinsic
benefits of feedback
-improved confidence
-motivation
-correct errors
-makes the stimulus-response bond stronger
what is a plateau
a period of no improvement in performance
name 7 features of operant conditioning
-shaping behaviour
-trial + error
-manipulating environment
-reinforcement
-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement
-punishment
what is observational learning
it’s where a coach uses strategies to ensure the demonstration and when they are successfully copied
4 factors to consider (bandura)
-attention
-retention
-motor reproduction
-motivation
how to make demonstrations effective
-show from all angles
-do mental practice
-repeat
-highlight cues
-allow time to practice
-do mental practice
social development theory vygotsky
-created in 1978 look at the development of young children mainly seceded that interaction with others are a vital role in learning
what is mko in the (sdt)
more knowledgeable other
what is the inter psychological learning
when the learner uses the mko to get advice and feedback and tactical knowledge
what is constructivism (sdt)
is to build on what you know working with others it kelly to develop skills since you learn from the action of those who are more experienced/ mko and add their action to the ones you know
what is the zone of proximal development (sdt)
is an assessment of what they need to do next to learn the skill
what are the 3 stages of zone of proximal development
what can i do alone
what can i do with help
what can i not do yet
what is operant conditioning
works by strengthening the link between stimulus and response
what are the limitation of conditioning theories
-don’t understand why your doing it like that
-only learning skills when being rewarded
limitations of observational learning
-don’t understand the point of it
-don’t only learn skills through demonstration
limitation of the social development theory
-may not be relevant for new or unseen skills
-depends on physical abilities of performer to improve
what is a cognitive theory/ insight learning
using experience and understanding to solve problems relation to the whole skill
key terms for cognitive theory
when, where, why to use a skill
sporting example cognitive theory/ insight learning
1500m learning to pace yourself
limitations of cognitive theory/ insight learning
novice might not have enough experience to generate there solutions to sporting problems
cause of plateau
lack of motivation
fatigue
boredom
targets too low
limit of ability
strategies to stop a plateau
-rewards reinforcement
-test
-different practice
-new challenges/goals
-explain the plateau
-change coach
definition cognitive stage
understanding of the activity analysis of techniques and use of models
initial learning of basic skill
what is associative stage
the practice stage
key terms -
consistently improving
skill still inconsistent
error detection/ correction
what is autonomous stage
elite sports person
key terms-
-action is automatic can focus on tactics
-habitual ( becomes a habit )
-errors are detected intrinsically
what is observational learning by bandura and how can a coach use it
-modelling/vicarious experience copying a persons behaviour
- a coach can use these strategies to ensure the demonstrations are successfully copied
4 factors to consider bandura observational learning
attention
retention
motor reproduction and production
motivation
how to make demonstrations effective
show from all angles
allow time to practice
repeat it
highlight cues
what is the social development theory (vygotsky)
it looks at the development of young children and mainly decided that interaction with others plays a vital role in learning
what is interpsychological learning
social development theory (vygotsky)
which is when the learner uses the MKO (a more knowledgeable other) to get advice, feedback and tactical knowledge
what is constructivism social development theory (vygotsky)
it’s to build on what you know working with others it helps to develop skill since you can learn from the action of others who are more experienced
what is the zone of proximal development social development theory (vygotsky)
is an assessment of what they need to do next to learn the skill
what is the cognitive theory
it is the importance of perceiving a problem in its entirety
what are the 3 stages of the zone of proximal development
what can i do alone
what can i do with help
what can i not do yet
what is operant conditioning (conditioning theories) and how do it work
-works by strengthening the link between stimulus and response
-works by using, the manipulation of environment, shapes behaviour and based on trial and error
sporting example of operant conditioning (conditioning theories)
-trial and error (keep shooting until it works)
-shapes behaviour (punishments or positive reinforcement)
-manipulate environment ( coach setting up scenario of skill)
limitations of operant conditioning (conditioning theories)
-not understanding why your doing it like that
-only learning skills when being rewarded
what is the social learning theory
when behaviour can be learnt by watching and then copying others
what are the 4 factors to consider in the social learning theory
-attention
-retention
-motor reproduction
-motivation
sporting example of the social learning theory and the 4 things the demonstration needs to be
in rugby when teaching the tackling position in rugby the demonstration needs to be:
-relevant
-consistent
-accurate
-reinforced
limitations of the social learning theory 2
-not understanding the point of it
-you can’t only learn skills through demonstration
what is the social development theory
that interacting with others MKO’S is vital for learning
zone of proximal development 3
sporting examples of the social development theory rugby 3
-what can i do now-tackle
-what can i do with help-scrumming
-what can’t i do- jackling
limitations of the social development theory 2
-may not be relevant for new or unseen skills
-depends on physical abilities of performer to improve
5 types of sensory input
-hear
-see
-touch
-balance
-kinaesthesis
external senses for info processing 2
sigh and hearing
internal senses for info processing 3
touch, balance, kinaesthesis
what does the whiting model mainly focus on
selective attention
what is selective attention
filtering relevant info from irrelevant info
how can selective attention be improved (whitings model)
5
-training with distraction
-focusing motivation
-making stimulus more intense
-training to the stimulus
-mental practice
why is selective attention important to the performer (whitings model)
3
-prevent memory overload
-speeds up decision making
-improves reaction time
what are the 11 parts of the whitings model (good luck)
1)display- the sporting environment
2)environment-the area where all info is contained
3)senses
4)selective attention
5)perceptual mechanism-process of coding and interpreting sensory info
6)DCR- detection recognition and comparison to other skills
7)translators mechanism- info is adapted and compared to memory
8)effectors mechanism- network 9; newbies that carries impulses from brain to muscle
9)response-the action
10)muscular contraction-muscle contracts on stimulation
11)feedback-info to help correct actions
characteristics of the LTM
3
-hold unlimited info
-lasts a lifetime
-receives and returns information to working memory
characteristics of the STM
2
-lasts 36 seconds
-sends information to the LTM
how can you make sure info is stored in the LTM
Males And Females Can Run Charity Races MAFCRCR
-mental practice
-association
-focus
-chunking
-rewards
-chaining/ routine
-repetition
Bradley and hitch model
central executive
then it splits into 3 arrows/section coming off it
phonological loop (sound)
visuospatial sketchpad (visual)
episodic buffer (STM)
then all 3 has an arrow into LTM
what is the central executive
controls incoming information from the senses and send to choice of 3 sub systems
what is the phonological loop
it deals with auditory information (coaching advice) forms memory traces
what is the visuospatial sketchpad
it deals with visual information movement and kinaesthesis
what is the episodic buffer
coordinates information into sequences + links to the LTM
what is reaction time
the onset of stimulus to onset of movement
what is movement time
start to completion of a task
what is response time
last of stimulus to completion of task
what is the response time calculation
reaction time and movement time
types of reaction time
simple reaction time- when we have to respond to a single stimulus
choice reaction time-we have a choice of stimuli to which we must respond
factors affecting reaction time
5
age-optimal at early 20s
gender-
experience
fitness
number of choices
2 types of anticipation
spatial-judging where the ball will land
temporal- when it will land there
what is the single chain hypothesis
it states that only one stimulus can be processed at once
and how the second stimulus has to wait for the one before it to be processed
an example of a single chain hypothesis
a dummy in rugby as it’s a last minute decision or a drop shot in tennis
the 3 definitions of DCR
detection-means the performer picking up relevant info and identified it as important
comparison-trying to match the info identified as important to info already in the memory of the performer
recognition- means the performer has used info from the memory to undertone an appropriate response
what is a translators mechanism
it helps to convert info so that decision can be made. the info from the senses once’s it’s been filtered is then adapted into an imagine that can be sent to the memory for comparison
what is an effector mechanism
it’s the network of nerves that is responsible for delivering the decision made during the perceptual process to the muscles so they can do the action
psychological refractory period
(the 2 box thing with 2 reactions and stimulus’s)
right for eg it’s if you were trying to tackle someone (S1) and they are going the direction you think they are going (R1) then they change direction (S2) then i change direction (R2)
motor programme limitations schema theory
3
storage- can the LTM cope with
novelty- how are the new movement produced
-accurate practice
what is a schema
a generalised motor programme for a particular ‘class of skills’
eg kicking a ball in rugby and football
schema theory 6 parts
1)firstly recall- initiates movement comes before the action
2)initial conditions- info from the enviro
3)response specification- info about what to do
-secondly ‘other side kind of’
1)recognition- controls movement and happens during the action
2)sensory consequences- info about the feel of the movement
3)respond outcome-feedback about the result
what is a response specification rugby
judging the distance needed to make that pass reach the teammate so they can do not have to slow don’t when catching it
what is a response outcome rugby
the recipient of the pass reaching out to catch the ball
sensory consequences rugby
weighting the pass using strong or soft hand to sure it reaches the intended target
initial condition rugby
scanning the pitch to see players who are available for the pass
ways to promote schema
4
-vary practice
-give plenty of information
-give frequent feedback
-motivation the player
summaries social learning theory who made it and what is it and 4 factors
made by bandura and is the performers replicating the skills shown by others
-attention
-motivation
-motor production
-retention
what is the cognitive stage
learning through observation and instructions
demonstrations help novice and beginners to create a mental image
performers rely on extrinsic feedback
what is the associative stage
practicing and improving through trial and error the longest period during which the skill becomes habitual
start to use intrinsic feedback
what is the autonomous stage
the skill is habitual and automatic performed with high levels of consistency
feedback is largely intrinsic and rapid
