applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards
what is the neuromuscular system
the nervous system and the muscles work together to allow movement
what does the sympathetic neuromuscular system
-prepares the body for exercise
- referred to as fight or flight
what does the parasympathetic neuromuscular system do
-opposite effect
-slows down high energy functions and relaxed body
-referred to as rest and relax
over view of muscle fibres
your make up/ pete enrage of fast and slow twitch fibres is called your muscle fibre composition
slow twitch fibre
-smaller muscles and darkish red in colour
-slow contraction speed and low force
-fatigue resistant
-adapted to lower intensity exercise over a long period of time
-produce energy aerobically using oxygen as a source of energy
fast twitch fibre
-larger muscles and light red or white in colour
-fast contraction speed
-generate greater force of contraction
-get fatigued quickly
-used for short, intense bursts of effort
-produce energy aerobically
the 2 types do fast twitch fibres
fast oxidative glycolysic (fog)
fast glycolytic (fg)
what is fog (LLA)
lighter red larger muscles and uses oxygen and glucose as energy
-faster growth speed, more resistant to fatigue and good for 800-1500m
what is fg (LLX)
white in colour due to low oxygen capacity, largest muscles and high levels of glucose stored as glycogen in muscles
fast.
-much faster twitch speed than LLA suitable for short and highly explosive events such as 100m and weight lifting
functional characteristic of slow twitch
-slow contracting speed
-slow motor neurone conduction capacity
-low force
-low fatigue
-very high aerobic capacity
-low anaerobic capacity
structural characteristics of slow twitch
-small motor neurone
-high mitochondria capacity
-high capillary density
slow twitch sporting examples
cross country
skiing
cycling
LLA functional characteristics
-fast contraction speed
-fast motor neurone conduction capacity
-high force
-medium fatigue
-medium aerobic capacity
-high anaerobic capacity
LLA structural characteristics
-large motor neurone
-medium mitochondria density
-medium myoglobin content
-medium capillary density
sporting eg for LLA
1500m
200m swim
floor routine
LLX function characteristics
-fast contraction speed
-fast motor neurone conduction capacity
-high force
-high capacity
-low aerobic capacity
-very high anaerobic capacity
LLX structural characteristics
-large motor neurone
-low mitochondrial density
-low myoglobin content
-low capillary density
LLX sporting examples
-power lifting
100m sprint
smash in tennis
what is mitochondria
the powerhouse of cells
what is myoglobin
supplies oxygen to muscle cells
effects of training of fibre type
-it’s genetically determined
-can increase size
what is a motor unit
a motor neurone and its muscle fibres
what is a motor neurone
nerve cells which transmit the brains instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles
the all or not law
when a motor neurone stimulates its muscle fibres either all of them contract or none at all
what is wave summation
when there is a repeated never impulse with no time to relax so a smooth sustained contraction occurs
how does wave summation allow a performer to vary the strength of muscular contraction
allows a more powerful contraction as the muscle is stimulated again before it is relaxed which increases the force
eg breaststroke
what is tetanic contraction
is when a wave summation is rapid firing. it’s the fusion of contraction to produce a continuous contraction
spatial summation
when the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number/ size of motor units received
