Skeleton bones and joints

Question 1

Axial skeleton

Answer 1

The group of bones that support and protect the internal organs;

Form the central axis of the body.

Question 2

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

the bones that form the upper and lower limbs;

allow movement of the limbs and support and move the axial skeleton.

Question 3

Bone shape classifications

Answer 3

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones.

Question 4

Long bones

Answer 4

Longer than they are wide;

slightly curved and tend to spiral, which gives them more strength and enables them to withstand stress.

Question 5

Short bones

Answer 5

About equal in length and width, appearing roughly cube-shaped.

They act as shock absorbers.

Question 6

Flat bones

Answer 6

Thin and somewhat curved in appearance;

they provide a surface for attachments of muscles and function to protect underlying soft tissues.

Question 7

Irregular bones

Answer 7

Have complex intricate shapes, and don’t fit into the other categories.

examples; the vertebrae, and the facial bones.

Question 8

Projections for tendon and ligament attachments

Answer 8

Crest, epicondyle, process, protuberance, spine, trocanter, tubercle, and tuberosity.

Question 9

Crest

Answer 9

A narrow, prominent ridge.

Question 10

Epicondyle

Answer 10

A small, nonarticular projection above a condyle.

Question 11

Process

Answer 11

A general term for any bony prominence.

Question 12

Protuberance

Answer 12

A protruding projection.

Question 13

Spine

Answer 13

A sharpe, slender, pointed process.

Question 14

Trocanter

Answer 14

A very large, rough projection found only on the femur bone.

Question 15

Tubercle

Answer 15

A small, rounded projection.

Question 16

Tuberosity

Answer 16

A large, rounded projection that is sometimes rough in texture.

Question 17

Features that help form joints ( articulating surfaces )

Answer 17

Condyle, facet, head, and trochlea.

Question 18

Condyle

Answer 18

A rounded articular projection on the extremity of a bone; usually occurs in pairs.

Question 19

Facet

Answer 19

A small, shallow ( nearly flat ) articulating surface.

Question 20

Head

Answer 20

A large, usually ball-shaped expansion at the end of a bone.

Question 21

Trochlea

Answer 21

A spool-like articulating surface that acts like a pully.

Question 22

Depressions ( for muscles )
and opennings ( for blood vessels and nerves )

Answer 22

Foramen, and fossa.

Question 23

Foramen

Answer 23

A round or oval aperture ( opening ).

Question 24

Fossa

Answer 24

A shallow, basin-like depression.

Question 25

Joints

Answer 25

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints.

The junction or union of two or more bones. Held together by connective-tissue, and may have surrounding structures ( cartilage, ligament, synovial membrane ).

Question 26

Fibrous joints

Answer 26

Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue;

Sulture joint, gomphosis joint, and syndesmosis joint.

Question 27

Suture joint

Answer 27

A fibrous joint that is saw-edged, bevelled, or overlapping;

very short fibers; immovable.

example; suture joints of the skull.

Question 28

Gomphosis joint

Answer 28

A fibrous joint, a ‘peg’ in a socket; immovable.

example; joints connecting the teeth to the upper and lower jaw.

Question 29

Syndesmosis joint

Answer 29

A fibrous joint that combines slight movability with strength.

example; interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna.

Question 30

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 30

Bones are connected by cartilage material

Synchondrosis joint, and symphysis joint.

Question 31

Synchondrosis joint

Answer 31

A cartilaginous joint that provides stability; immovable.

example; joint at first coastal carilage ( of rib ) and sternum.

Question 32

Symphysis joint

Answer 32

A cartilaginous joint that occurs on the medial line of the body; slightly movable.

example; intervertebral joints of the spinal column, and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis.

Question 33

Types of synovial joints

Answer 33

Ball-and-socket joint, Ellipsoid or condyloid joint, gliding or plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, and saddle joint.

Question 34

Ball-and-socket joint

Answer 34

Ball-shaped head of one bone fits into cuplike socket of another bone.

multiaxial movement; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, rotaional movement, circumduction.

Question 35

Ellipsoid / condyloid joint

Answer 35

Oval-shaped end of one bone fits into oval-shaped cavity of another bone.

biaxial movement; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction.

Question 36

Gliding / plane joint

Answer 36

Two bones with slightly flattened surfaces glide across each other.

uniaxial movement; limited to side-to-side movement.

Question 37

Hinge joint

Answer 37

Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone.

uniaxial movement; flexsion and extention.

Question 38

Pivot joint

Answer 38

Rounded end of one bone rotates within ringlike structure formed by another bone and ligament.

uniaxial movement; rotation.

Question 39

Saddle joint

Answer 39

Two ends of bones shaped somewhat like saddles, with convex and concave surfaces.

uiaxial movement; flexsion and extension, abduction and adduction.

( some experts consider the saddle to have joint to have triaxial movement capability; circumduction).

Question 40

Uniaxial

Answer 40

A joint or bone that can only move in one plane.

Question 41

Biaxial

Answer 41

A joint or bone that can move in two planes.

Question 42

Triaxial / multiaxial

Answer 42

A joint or bone that can move in all three planes.