Anatomical planes and movement within them planes Flashcards
Anatomical position
Standing straight, arms down, palms and feet facing forward.
Medial line
The invisible line running down the central axis of the body ( midsagittal plane ).
Anatomical planes
Sagittal, coronal, and transverse.
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into left and right.
Coronal plane
Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (positerior).
Transverse plane
Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior).
Medial
Towards the medial line.
Lateral
Away from the medial line.
Anterior
Towards the front of the body.
Posterior
Towards the back of the body.
Superior
Above;
refers to structures closer to the head or towards the upper part of a structure or body part.
Inferior
Below;
refers to structures closer to the feet or towards the lower part of a structure or body part.
Proximal
In close proximity to;
nearer to the point of attachment ( origin of the limb ) or the center of the body.
Distal
Distant from;
further from the point of attachment ( origin of the limb ) or the center of the body.
Dorsal
Back of the hand.
Top of the foot.
Palmar
The palm of the hand.
Plantar
Sole of the foot.
Volar
The palm of the hand
Sole of the foot.
Movements within the Sagittal planes
Flexion, extension, and hyperextension.
Flexion
The action of bending;
decreasing the angle between two bones or parts of the body.
Extension
The action of straightenning;
increasing the angle between two bones or parts of the body.
Hyperextension
Extending the bodypart beyond the normal limit ( or anatomical position );
such as, bending the hand or fingers back.
Thumb movements ( forward/backward )
Abduction and adduction. ( thumb is at 90 degree angle to the hand ).
Thumb movements ( side-to-side )
Flexion and extension. ( thumb is at 90 degree angle to the hand ).
Movements within the Coronal planes
Abduction, adduction, and lateral flexion.
Abduction
Movement away from the medial line;
of the body or that of a body part.
Adduction
Movement towards the medial line;
the midline of the body or that of a body part.
Lateral Flexion
Side bending of the vertebral comumn;
such as, leaning to the side and/or the head.
Wrist movement on the Coronal plane
Ulnar adduction and radial abduction.
Abduction of fingers and toes
Spreading them apart from one another.
Central axis of hand (medial line)
Runs through the middle ( third ) finger;
the index finger moves away from the third finger in one direction, the other fingers move in the opposite direction.
Central axis of foot (medial line)
Runs through the second toe;
the big toe abducts from the second toe in one direction, the other toes move in the oppsite direction.
Movements within the Transverse planes
Rotation.
Rotation
Turning a bone around its own long axis;
such as; rotating the leg ( femur ) so that the knee points towards or away from the medial line.
Lateral rotation
Rotating away from the medial line of the body.
Medial rotation
Rotating towards the medial line of the body.
Rotational movements of the forearm
Supination and pronation.
Supination
Rotating the hand so that the palm is facing forward or up;
in this position the radius and ulna bones are parallel.
Pronation
Rotating the hand so that the palm is facing back or down;
in this position the radius crosses over the ulna, causing the two bones to create an X.
Movement within all three planes ( Sagittal, Coronal, and Transverse).
Circumduction
Circumduction
Moving the limb in all directions;
draws an imaginary circle ( cone shape ) in space.
Special movements of the foot
Inversion, eversion, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion.
Inversion
Movement of the foot from the ankle so that the sole turns inward;
towards the medial line of the body ( medially ).
Eversion
Movement of the foot from the ankle so that the sole turns outward;
away from the medial line of the body ( laterally ).
Plantar flexion
Movement of the foot from the ankle joint in which the sole of the foot and toes are pointing downward.
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot from the ankle joint in which the top (dorsum) of the foot and toes are pointing upward.
Special movements of the thumb
Opposition and reposition.
Opposition
The thumb touches the tip of another finger.
Reposition
The thumb returns to its normal position ( from opposition ).
Special movements of the shoulder
Protraction, retraction, elevation and depression.
Protraction
Movement of a body part forward ( in an anterior direction );
also called protrusion.
Retraction
Movement of a body part backward ( in an posterior direction );
also called retrusion.
Special movements of the jaw
Protraction, retraction, elevation and depression.
Elevation
Movement of a body part upward ( in a superior direction ).
Depression
Movement of a body part downward ( in an inferior direction ).
