Skeleton Flashcards
How many bones in the human skeleton
206
How many joints in the skeleton?
200
Bones are joined together by connective tissues what is this called?
Ligaments
Skeleton comprises of what bones?
Long bones - legs and arms Short bones - hands and feet Vertebrae of the spine Pelvic floor bones Rib cage Skull
Bones act as what?
Levers and pulling power of muscles
What is the name of of the cords or strands that attached to the bones to allow movement and contraction
Tendons
Name the name of the bones for the following:
Skull
Chin
Neck - spinal column of the neck region
Cranium
Mandible
Cervical Vertebrae
Bones of the shoulder and position
Clavicle front shoulder area
Scapula - back v shape
Bones of the spinal column
Vertebral column
Cervical vertebrae- neck
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Bones of the main trunk
Sternum - front chest Thoracic cage Ribs Sacrum Coccyx
Bones of the pelvic area
Ilium - upper pelvis - wide round shape
Ischium - thinner bone attached to
Pubis symphysis
Bones of the arms
Humerus - upper arm
Ulna - thinner lower arm
Radius - larger lower arm
Bones of the hands and feet
Hands:
Carpal
Metacarpal
Phalanges
Feet:
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Phalanges
Bones of the leg
Femur - upper leg Patella - knee Tibia - inner lower leg Fibula - outer lower leg Calcaneus - ankle
Axial skeleton comprises of 4 parts what are they?
Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
And associates structures
Appendicular skeleton comprises of 5 structures, what are they?
Clavicle Scapula Upper limbs Pelvis Lower limbs
How many bones in the cranium?
8
How many bones in the face?
14
Number of bones in ear
6
What is the hyoid?
U shaped bone in back of neck supporting the tongue
No of bones in spine
26
No of bones in sternum and ribs
25
No of bones in upper extremities- arms and hands
60
No of bones in Legg’s and feet - lower extremities
60
No of bones in pectoral girdle
4
Pelvic girdle
2
6 main functions of the skeleton
- Acts as a store for calcium and phosphorus
- Protect inner organs
- produces red and white blood cells and platelets formed in bone marrow
- Movement
- Support
- Surfaces for attachment
11 links systems what are they?
Head and neck Thoracic vertebrae Shoulder girdle Arm Forearm Hand Lumber vertebrae Pelvis Thigh Lower leg Foot
What is cartilage
Firm flexible connective tissue
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline - gristle
Fibro cartilage - outer ring of discs
Elastic cartilage- maintains shape of organs
Explain neutral alignment
Defined as how the spinal vertebrae and pelvis are aligned and maintained
With least amount of stress on supportive tissues eg ligaments and intervertebral discs
Scoliosis
Lateral bending of the vertebral column
Eg Jas
Kyphosis what is it
Exaggerated thoracic curve - hunchback
Lordosis
Exaggeration of lumbar curve.
Normally by pregnancy or overweight
4 categories of bones - what are they?
Marrow cavities
Bulbous end (spongy or cancellous bone)
Periosteum
Shaft (cortical or compact bone)
2 types of bone marrow what are they
Yellow - mainly fat - energy
Red - red & white blood cells and blood platelets
Which bone structure consists of a lattice work of thin plates of bone called trabecular - the space filled with red bone marrow
Bulbous bone structure
What is Periosteum?
A bone structure
Tough fiborous sheath of membrane surrounds each bone
The action of the Periosteum - bone formation and repair
Explain the shaft bone structure
Dense strong
Compact bone
Forms outer layer under Periosteum
Can help with transferring weight and stress from bone shaft and joints
3 types of bone cells what are they
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
What are osteoblasts
Immature bone cells
Cells mineralise to become bone
What are Osteocytes bone cells made of
Mature cells originate from osteocytes
Function: exchange of nutrition and waste
Osteoclasts bone cells -what is their use?
Growth maintenance and repair
What are soft spots on the skeleton called?
Fontanels
As a child how much weight is the maximum they should use whilst training?
Their own body weight
Flat bones and other cancellous bones start out as what?
Fibrous membranes
Consisting of of collagen (protein)
Name at least two exercises that stress bones to a moderate or high degree
Weight lifting
Running
Cycling
What are the long term affects of weight bearing exercises
Increased bone density
Strong ligaments
Strong joint structures
Thick articulate cartilage
Reduces risk of osteoporosis
How would you describe a joint
A point of contact between bones
Joints provide 3 types of movement what are they
Immovable
Slightly moveable
Freely moveable (or synovial)
What is an immovable joint called and give an example
Synarthroses consist of fibrous cartilage
Connections between bones of the skull
What is the main advantage of an immovable joint
Protection
Slightly Immovable joints are called what?
Amphiarthroses
Eg junction of the bone forming front of pelvis
2 types of slightly moveable joints
Syndesmoses (ligament)
Eg attaching the ribs
Symphyses (cartilage)
Restricted movement eg anterior surface of the hip bone
Name for freely moveable joint (synovial joints)
Diarthroses
Cartilage is found in freely moveable joints to prevent bones rubbing together
Eg knee, shoulder
What is the name of the fluid that lubricates the joints
Synovial fluid
What do strong ligaments do?
Help support the bone and hold the joint together
Tendons provide binding action and pass over the joints
Name the 6 common types of freely moveable joints
Name plus examples
Ball and socket (hip and shoulder) Hinge (elbow, knees, fingers) Pivot (eg atlas and axis top2 vertebrae) Gliding (wrist and feet) Condyloid (metacarples and phalanges) Saddle (thumb attaching to the hand)
A condyloid joint allows what type of movement
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction (eg arm circles)
What is a Sagittarial plane
Vertical plane - left and right
What is a frontal plane
Divide front and back
What is a horizontal plane
Body division top and bottom
Bone structure, elasticity of muscles tendons and ligaments and also bulk of the muscles can affect ROM but how?
Bone structure is dependent on construction which affects
ROM
Injury
Overweight
ROM can cause lack of flexibility.
If you increase your flexibility what can suffer?
Stability
What is extension?
Increasing the angle of a joint
Explain flexion
Decreasing angle of joint
Explain lateral flexion,
Horizontal flexion, horizontal extension and hyperextension
Lateral- side ways bend
Horizontal flexion- movement to the midline
Horizontal extension- away from midline eg upper arm
Hyperextending- beyond normal position
Example of abduction
Lifting arm away from the body
Example of adduction
Lowering arm to the body
Example of rotation and explain it
Movement of the body along its longitudinal axis
Eg twisting the spine left to right
Explain medial and lateral rotation
Medial - movement of hand and lower arm when top arm kept at 90deg
Lateral is the opposite
What is circumduction
Circular movement of body section eg arm circling
Combo of flexion extension abduction and adduction
Pronation?
Supination?
Palms up
Palms down
4 movements of shoulder girdle
And 2 rotations
Elevation - shrugging
Depression - opp mvmt
Protraction - rounding shoulders
Retraction - opp
Upward and downward rotation
Planter flexion?
Pointing toes
Doris flexion?
Pointing towards the knee
Eversion and inversion of the foot?
Eversion - rotation sole turned out
Inversion - opposite
Rheumatism is discomfort in what areas
Synovial membranes
Ligaments
Tendons
Tendon sheath
Inflammation of the spine is called what?
Spondylitis
What is a sprain?
Overstretch of ligament fibres
Common areas: ankle wrist knee fingers and toes
Osteoarthritis - common areas?
Hip, knee and vertebrae
What is a lever?
Something with a fixed point (fulcrum). When a force is applied it can move the weight.
Eg wheel barrow. See saw
3 orders of levers
1st, 2nd and 3rd levers
1st order of lever is what?
E F W
Effort, fulcrum, weight
2nd order of lever
Effort - weight - Filcrom
E W F
3rd order lever
Fulcrum - Effort - Weight
F E W
Bones as levers explain the
Fulcrum
Effort
Load
Fulcrum - lever passes through a joint
Effort - where muscles attach to bone.
Contraction provides the required force
Load - is a the centre of gravity of the object being lifted or moved
Ratio of the fulcrum is what?
Force x distance to fulcrum = loaf x distance to fulcrum
