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Pilates > Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the human skeleton

A

206

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2
Q

How many joints in the skeleton?

A

200

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3
Q

Bones are joined together by connective tissues what is this called?

A

Ligaments

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4
Q

Skeleton comprises of what bones?

A 
Long bones - legs and arms
Short bones - hands and feet
Vertebrae of the spine
Pelvic floor bones
Rib cage
Skull
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5
Q

Bones act as what?

A

Levers and pulling power of muscles

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6
Q

What is the name of of the cords or strands that attached to the bones to allow movement and contraction

A

Tendons

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7
Q

Name the name of the bones for the following:
Skull
Chin
Neck - spinal column of the neck region

A

Cranium
Mandible
Cervical Vertebrae

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8
Q

Bones of the shoulder and position

A

Clavicle front shoulder area

Scapula - back v shape

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9
Q

Bones of the spinal column

A

Vertebral column

Cervical vertebrae- neck
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae

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10
Q

Bones of the main trunk

A 
Sternum - front chest 
Thoracic cage 
Ribs
Sacrum
Coccyx
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11
Q

Bones of the pelvic area

A

Ilium - upper pelvis - wide round shape
Ischium - thinner bone attached to
Pubis symphysis

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12
Q

Bones of the arms

A

Humerus - upper arm
Ulna - thinner lower arm
Radius - larger lower arm

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13
Q

Bones of the hands and feet

A

Hands:
Carpal
Metacarpal
Phalanges

Feet:
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Phalanges

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14
Q

Bones of the leg

A 
Femur - upper leg
Patella - knee
Tibia - inner lower leg
Fibula - outer lower leg
Calcaneus - ankle
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15
Q

Axial skeleton comprises of 4 parts what are they?

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs

And associates structures

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16
Q

Appendicular skeleton comprises of 5 structures, what are they?

A 
Clavicle
Scapula
Upper limbs
Pelvis
Lower limbs
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17
Q

How many bones in the cranium?

A

8

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18
Q

How many bones in the face?

A

14

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19
Q

Number of bones in ear

A

6

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20
Q

What is the hyoid?

A

U shaped bone in back of neck supporting the tongue

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21
Q

No of bones in spine

A

26

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22
Q

No of bones in sternum and ribs

A

25

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23
Q

No of bones in upper extremities- arms and hands

A

60

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24
Q

No of bones in Legg’s and feet - lower extremities

A

60

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25
Q

No of bones in pectoral girdle

A

4

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26
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

2

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27
Q

6 main functions of the skeleton

A
  1. Acts as a store for calcium and phosphorus
  2. Protect inner organs
  3. produces red and white blood cells and platelets formed in bone marrow
  4. Movement
  5. Support
  6. Surfaces for attachment
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28
Q

11 links systems what are they?

A 
Head and neck
Thoracic vertebrae 
Shoulder girdle
Arm
Forearm
Hand
Lumber vertebrae 
Pelvis
Thigh
Lower leg
Foot
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29
Q

What is cartilage

A

Firm flexible connective tissue

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30
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline - gristle
Fibro cartilage - outer ring of discs
Elastic cartilage- maintains shape of organs

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31
Q

Explain neutral alignment

A

Defined as how the spinal vertebrae and pelvis are aligned and maintained
With least amount of stress on supportive tissues eg ligaments and intervertebral discs

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32
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral bending of the vertebral column

Eg Jas

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33
Q

Kyphosis what is it

A

Exaggerated thoracic curve - hunchback

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34
Q

Lordosis

A

Exaggeration of lumbar curve.

Normally by pregnancy or overweight

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35
Q

4 categories of bones - what are they?

A

Marrow cavities
Bulbous end (spongy or cancellous bone)
Periosteum
Shaft (cortical or compact bone)

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36
Q

2 types of bone marrow what are they

A

Yellow - mainly fat - energy

Red - red & white blood cells and blood platelets

37
Q

Which bone structure consists of a lattice work of thin plates of bone called trabecular - the space filled with red bone marrow

A

Bulbous bone structure

38
Q

What is Periosteum?

A

A bone structure

Tough fiborous sheath of membrane surrounds each bone

The action of the Periosteum - bone formation and repair

39
Q

Explain the shaft bone structure

A

Dense strong
Compact bone
Forms outer layer under Periosteum

Can help with transferring weight and stress from bone shaft and joints

40
Q

3 types of bone cells what are they

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

41
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells

Cells mineralise to become bone

42
Q

What are Osteocytes bone cells made of

A

Mature cells originate from osteocytes

Function: exchange of nutrition and waste

43
Q

Osteoclasts bone cells -what is their use?

A

Growth maintenance and repair

44
Q

What are soft spots on the skeleton called?

A

Fontanels

45
Q

As a child how much weight is the maximum they should use whilst training?

A

Their own body weight

46
Q

Flat bones and other cancellous bones start out as what?

A

Fibrous membranes

Consisting of of collagen (protein)

47
Q

Name at least two exercises that stress bones to a moderate or high degree

A

Weight lifting
Running
Cycling

48
Q

What are the long term affects of weight bearing exercises

A

Increased bone density
Strong ligaments
Strong joint structures
Thick articulate cartilage

Reduces risk of osteoporosis

49
Q

How would you describe a joint

A

A point of contact between bones

50
Q

Joints provide 3 types of movement what are they

A

Immovable
Slightly moveable
Freely moveable (or synovial)

51
Q

What is an immovable joint called and give an example

A

Synarthroses consist of fibrous cartilage

Connections between bones of the skull

52
Q

What is the main advantage of an immovable joint

A

Protection

53
Q

Slightly Immovable joints are called what?

A

Amphiarthroses

Eg junction of the bone forming front of pelvis

54
Q

2 types of slightly moveable joints

A

Syndesmoses (ligament)

Eg attaching the ribs

Symphyses (cartilage)
Restricted movement eg anterior surface of the hip bone

55
Q

Name for freely moveable joint (synovial joints)

A

Diarthroses

56
Q

Cartilage is found in freely moveable joints to prevent bones rubbing together

A

Eg knee, shoulder

57
Q

What is the name of the fluid that lubricates the joints

A

Synovial fluid

58
Q

What do strong ligaments do?

A

Help support the bone and hold the joint together

Tendons provide binding action and pass over the joints

59
Q

Name the 6 common types of freely moveable joints

A

Name plus examples

Ball and socket (hip and shoulder)
Hinge (elbow, knees, fingers)
Pivot (eg atlas and axis top2 vertebrae)
Gliding (wrist and feet)
Condyloid (metacarples and phalanges)
Saddle (thumb attaching to the hand)
60
Q

A condyloid joint allows what type of movement

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction (eg arm circles)
61
Q

What is a Sagittarial plane

A

Vertical plane - left and right

62
Q

What is a frontal plane

A

Divide front and back

63
Q

What is a horizontal plane

A

Body division top and bottom

64
Q

Bone structure, elasticity of muscles tendons and ligaments and also bulk of the muscles can affect ROM but how?

A

Bone structure is dependent on construction which affects
ROM

Injury

Overweight

65
Q

ROM can cause lack of flexibility.

If you increase your flexibility what can suffer?

A

Stability

66
Q

What is extension?

A

Increasing the angle of a joint

67
Q

Explain flexion

A

Decreasing angle of joint

68
Q

Explain lateral flexion,

Horizontal flexion, horizontal extension and hyperextension

A

Lateral- side ways bend
Horizontal flexion- movement to the midline
Horizontal extension- away from midline eg upper arm
Hyperextending- beyond normal position

69
Q

Example of abduction

A

Lifting arm away from the body

70
Q

Example of adduction

A

Lowering arm to the body

71
Q

Example of rotation and explain it

A

Movement of the body along its longitudinal axis

Eg twisting the spine left to right

72
Q

Explain medial and lateral rotation

A

Medial - movement of hand and lower arm when top arm kept at 90deg

Lateral is the opposite

73
Q

What is circumduction

A

Circular movement of body section eg arm circling

Combo of flexion extension abduction and adduction

74
Q

Pronation?

Supination?

A

Palms up

Palms down

75
Q

4 movements of shoulder girdle

And 2 rotations

A

Elevation - shrugging
Depression - opp mvmt
Protraction - rounding shoulders
Retraction - opp

Upward and downward rotation

76
Q

Planter flexion?

A

Pointing toes

77
Q

Doris flexion?

A

Pointing towards the knee

78
Q

Eversion and inversion of the foot?

A

Eversion - rotation sole turned out

Inversion - opposite

79
Q

Rheumatism is discomfort in what areas

A

Synovial membranes
Ligaments
Tendons
Tendon sheath

80
Q

Inflammation of the spine is called what?

A

Spondylitis

81
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Overstretch of ligament fibres

Common areas: ankle wrist knee fingers and toes

82
Q

Osteoarthritis - common areas?

A

Hip, knee and vertebrae

83
Q

What is a lever?

A

Something with a fixed point (fulcrum). When a force is applied it can move the weight.

Eg wheel barrow. See saw

84
Q

3 orders of levers

A

1st, 2nd and 3rd levers

85
Q

1st order of lever is what?

A

E F W

Effort, fulcrum, weight

86
Q

2nd order of lever

A

Effort - weight - Filcrom

E W F

87
Q

3rd order lever

A

Fulcrum - Effort - Weight

F E W

88
Q

Bones as levers explain the

Fulcrum
Effort
Load

A

Fulcrum - lever passes through a joint

Effort - where muscles attach to bone.
Contraction provides the required force

Load - is a the centre of gravity of the object being lifted or moved

89
Q

Ratio of the fulcrum is what?

A

Force x distance to fulcrum = loaf x distance to fulcrum

Pilates (2 decks)

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