Bones Flashcards
What are bones made of?
Cells made of Calcium Phosphate Calcium carbonate Gelatine Collagen Fats
4 types of bones
Marrow cavities
cancellous bone
Periosteum
cortical or compact bone - shaft
Name the two types of bone marrow
Yellow- mainly fat - energy
Red - red & white blood cells and platelets
What is the Bulbous end bone consist of
Latticework of thin plates of bone called trabecular
Filled with red bone marrow
What is the Periosteum?
A fibrous sheet surrounding each bone
The action of the periosteum results in bone formation and bone repair after a break
What is the shaft?
A strong compact bone.
Forms an outer layer beneath the periosteum
Expanded end allows weight to be shifter from the bone to the joint
What is ossification?
Process of how new bone is formed
What is vital to strong bone growth?
Calcium
3 types of bone cell
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
What are osteoblasts cells?
Immature bone cells
Bone forming cells
Makes a matrix material called osteoid, mineralising to become bone
What are osteocyte bone cells
Mature bone cells from osteoblasts
Daily exchange of nutrient and waste
What are osteoclast bone cells?
Large cells - growth and repair
Break down bone tissue
What is the head and foot of a long bone called and what are they attached too?
Head: proximal
Foot: Distal
Form part of the joint it’s attached too
Protrusions at each end are tuberosities - ligaments and tendons are attached to these
Name two types of short bones - round shaped as a clue!
Carpals - hands and Tarsals - feet
Name 4 types of flat bones
Cranium
Scapula
Pelvis
Sternum
Protect soft organs
Name 2 types of irregular bones
Bones that aren’t flat, long or short so therefore irregular
Vertebrae
Bones in ear and face
Hold a lot of marrow
Name the two small bones that are not classified by shape but location
Sutural - cranial
Sesamoid - in tendons where pressure develops eg knee cap - patella
Name 4 exercises that stress bones to a moderate - high degree?
2 examples to a lower degree?
Weight training
Running
Cycling
Rowing
Walking and swimming
4 long term benefits of weight bearing exercise
Bone density Ligament strength Joint strength Thickness of articular cartliage Osteoporosis
Name the five main groups of vertebral bones
Cervical - 7 Thorasic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - -5 - tog form Sacrum Coccygeal - 4 fused tog called coccyx
Main 3 functions of the spinal column
Support
Movement
Protection
Why is the spinal column curved?
Flexibility of movement
Resilience
Cervical vertebrae offers 4 types of movement
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation
Flexion - decreasing angle
Thoracic vertebrae offers 2 movement
Rotation
Limited flexion
Limited extension
Limited lateral flexion
Lumbar vertebrae 4 movements
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
V limited rotation
Functions of the vertebrae
Weight bearing
Spinal cord support passing through neural canal
Projections
Which muscles attached the cervical vertebrae offer stability and flexibility
Neck muscles
Atlas is the top of the cervical vertebrae joined to the axis the next vertebrae. As these form what does it allow the head to do
Turning and nodding
What it is the sacrum
Joins the pelvis
Forms the sacroiliac joint
Function: support the organs
Strong foundation for girdle
What is the coccyx
Triangle shaped
Fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae
Articulated with the sacrum
