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Skeleton Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The different types of skeletons are?

A

Hydrostatic skeleton
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton

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2
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

(Water)
Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body.
Found in soft oldies invertebrates

E.g. Annelids, Cnidaria, nematodes

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3
Q

Exoskeleton

A

(Outside) (crunchy)
External skeleton - supports and protects an animals body

E.g. Arthropoda (invertebrate with exoskeleton)

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4
Q

Endoskeleton

A

(Internal skeleton)
On inside of the animals body and is made of bone and/ or cartilage.

E.g. Vertebrates

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5
Q

Two main groups

A

Vertebrates

2) invertebrates

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6
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone cells
Not mature vs mature
(Osteoblasts vs osteocytes)

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7
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of

A

Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments & tendons
Joints

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8
Q

Ligaments vs tendons

A 
- Ligaments
Join bone to bone
Have collagen and elastic fibre 
Strong, resilient
Bones held in place while allowing movement

-tendons
Joins muscle to bone
Made of collagen fibre which from white fibrous tissue
Strong and in elastic

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9
Q

Joints

A

Junctions between skeletal components which most permit movements

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10
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A 
Support
Locomotion
Protection
Mineral storage
Production of red blood cells
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11
Q

(Functions)

Support

A

Enabling the body to stay upright & keep its shape

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12
Q

(Functions)

Locomotion

A

(Movement)

By the muscles attached to the bone

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13
Q

(Functions)

Protection

A

For the internal organs and tissues of the body such as the heart, lung, and brain

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14
Q

(Functions)

Mineral storage

A

Calcium and phosphates form part of bones and are stored in them

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15
Q

(Functions)

Production of red blood cells

A

Formed in the red marrow of bones

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16
Q

Classification of bones

Types of bones

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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17
Q

Long bone

A

Made up of a shaft (diaphysis)
And two heads (epiphysis)

E.g.
Femur, Humerus

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18
Q

Short bone

A

Cube shaped bones
Mostly spongy bone except on surface - thin layer of compact bone

E.g. Carpals of wrist
Tarsals of foot

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19
Q

Flat bone

A

Thing, flattened, slightly curved
2 parallel layers of compact bone - layer of spongy bone between

E.g. Cranial bones
Sternum
Ribs

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20
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complicated shapes
Made of a spongy bone with layer of compact bone on outside

E.g. Vertebrae
Hip bones

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21
Q

How many types of bone fractures are there

A

Four

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22
Q

Definition:

What is a clean fracture called

A

Complete fracture

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23
Q

What is another term for open fracture?

What does it mean

A

Compound fracture,
When it goes through skin
More than one bone

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24
Q

What is a green stick fracture?

A

Not broken all the way through

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25
Q

What type of fracture is it when the bone if fragmented into many pieces

A

Comminuted fracture

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26
Q

Human skeleton divided into two parts called what?

What does each involve

A

Axial, skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

Appendicular, pelvic and pectoral girdle,upper limb, lower limbs

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27
Q

What does the axial skeleton form

A

Long axis of the body

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28
Q

The skull has how many bones, where are they formed

A

23
8- cranium
14 facial bones
1 complex bone - mandible

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29
Q

How do sutures strengthen the skull

A

Fit better together like a puzzle rather than just straight

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30
Q

What is the for annum magnum? Where is it

A

Opening at base of the skull which allows connection btw brain and spinal cord
Brain stem comes out
First vertebra

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31
Q

How does the location of the fora mum magnum different for people and animals

A

Close to the jaw- upright walking

Far from jaw - animals

32
Q

Name the bones of the skull

A 
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone/ arch
Mandible
Maxilla
Nasal bone
Frontal bone
33
Q

What are fontanelles

A

Membrane filled spaces between the bones of the cranium in an infant
Should be replaced by bone after two years
(Allows size of brain to grow rapidly)
Cranial bones

34
Q

What are sutures

A

The immovable fibrous joints btw the cranial bones

Dove tailed together

35
Q

What is the function of the cranium

A

Protection of the brain;
Protects sense organs of smell sight hearing
Provides attachment for the muscles of the head

36
Q

What is the vertebral column

A

Also called backbone
Extends from base of skull to pelvic girdle
Made up of vertebrae (irregular bones)
Which protects the spinal cord
INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS btw vertebrae, made of cartilage

37
Q

What are the functions of the intervertebral disks

A

1) provide cushioning and reduce stress
Separate vertebrae

2) act as shock absorbers during running/ walking
3) allow spine to flex/ extend/ bend
4) protect nerves

38
Q

What is known as the atlas and axis

A

The first two vertebrae of vertebral column

39
Q

First vertebrae is ___ , what does it allow

A

Atlas, when skull articulates with it, it allows the NODDING movement of head in all directions

40
Q

Where does the axis lie and what does it allow

A

Lies below atlas,

Which allows the pivoting movement of head (SHAKING)

41
Q

Which allows nodding and which allows shaking (pivoting) and how does its position allow it

A

Atlas- first. Allows nodding

Axis- below atlas which allows shaking

42
Q

Differentiate between the atlas and axis visually

A

The axis has a pointy thing at top which will fit into axis

43
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column

A

1) support the head
2) protect the spinal cord
3) point of attachment for ribs
4) allows spinal nerves to pass through openings between vertebrae
5) point of attachment for muscles of the back
6) s - shapes, absorbs shock and AIDS in balancing

44
Q

How does the vertebral columns shape aid in its function

A

The s-shape absorbs shock and AIDS balance

45
Q

What are examples of spinal injuries?

A

A slipped disk

Paralysis

46
Q

Describe a slipped disk

A

A painful condition
When the disk is out under a lot of pressure, outer cartilage ruptures, causing inner center to bulge out
This bulge can press on spinal cord/ spinal nerves may cause numbness in limbs

47
Q

Paralysis

A

Spinal injury
If an injury causes crushing/ dislocates vertebrae and damages the spinal cord, may result in paralysis
When the nerves are damaged and the muscles are no longer stimulated
(If spinal cord damaged in neck region, whole body could be paralyzed - QUADRIPLEGIC )
If spinal cord damaged in lumbar region, legs may be paralyzed PARAPLEGIC

48
Q

What is it called when nerves are damaged and the muscles are no longer stumlated

A

Paralyzed

49
Q

What does it mean to be quadriplegic

A

If the spinal cord has been damaged in the neck region and the whole body is paralyzed

50
Q

If the spinal cord has been damaged in the lumbar region and the legs have been paralyzed?

A

Paraplegic

51
Q

What does thorax refer to

A

(Rib cage and sternum)

Refers to whole chest, sternum, ribcage, thoracic vertebrae

52
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

And what are they divided into

A

12
7 pairs of true ribs- ribs attached to sternum
3 pairs of false ribs- attached to cartilage nor sternum, attached to rib above
2 pairs of floating ribs (not attached to anything)

53
Q

What do the head and tubercle articulate with

A

Head- articulates with body of THORACIC VERTERBRA
Tubercle- articulates with transverse process of the vertebra
Tubercle is part of rib

54
Q

What are the functions of the rib cage?

A

1) protects the vital organs and thoracic cavity (hollow space in thoracic region)
2) supports the shoulder girdle and arms
3) provides attachment points for muscles of back, shoulder, chest
4) AIDS in breathing

55
Q

What is found between the ribs?

A

Intercostal muscle

56
Q

Hat are the three main areas we refer to in the axial skeleton

A

1) skull
2) vertebral column
3) rib cage and sternum

57
Q

What do we refer to when we say the appendicular skeleton

A

Two girdles and their associated limbs

58
Q

How many bones are there in the arm (pectoral girdle and upper limb)

A

10 bones and two joints

59
Q

What two joints are in the pectoral girdle and upper limb

A

Ball and socket joint

Elbow joint- hinge

60
Q

What is the glenoid cavity

A

Cavity the humerus fits in

61
Q

What does the clavicle attach to

A

Sternum

62
Q

Functions of the pectoral girdle

A

1) attachment of upper limbs to axial skeleton
2) attachment point for many muscles that move the limbs
3) light and allow free movement of limbs

63
Q

We refer the upper limb with which girdle

A

Pectoral girdle

64
Q

Pelvic girdle is associated with which limb

A

Lower limb

65
Q

Functions of the pelvic girdle

A

1) attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton
2) transmits weight of upper body to lower limbs
3) supports and protects organs in pelvic area
4) provides an attachment area for muscles that move the lower limbs

66
Q

Term for part of the skeleton made up of skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

A

Axial

67
Q

Part of skull which contains and protects the brain

A

Cranium

68
Q

The name given to second vertebra in humans

A

Axis

69
Q

Explain two advantages of the vertebral column being made up of separate vertebrae rather than one continuous structure

A

Allows spinal nerves to pass through openings btw vertebrae,

Allows for greater mobility

70
Q

Differentiate btw true and false ribs

A

True ribs connected to sternum

False ribs connected by cartilage

71
Q

Differentiate btw make and female pelvic girdles

A

Males have a narrow, long sacrum

Females have a broader pubic arch, >90, wider pelvic outlet

72
Q

How many bones in pelvic girdle

A

12 and two joints

73
Q

What are diseases of the skeletal system

A

Rickets

Osteoporosis

74
Q

Explain rickets

A

Caused by a lack of vitamin d which is needed for absorption of calcium from the gut
If calcium salts are not deposited in bone, it will become softer and weaker
Body’s inability to absorb calcium salts
Bones are soft, weak, unable to support the body

75
Q

Affecting the developing skeletal system of children and young animals, deformities and stunting in growth are symptoms of

A

Rickets

Bio (4 decks)

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