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A&P I Test 2- Albertson > Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Frequently occurs as a disk-shaped segment of cartilage between bones and where is it located?

A

Fibrocartilage

  • Intervertebral discs
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Menisci of the knee joint
  • Distal radioulner joint
  • Temporomandibular joint
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2
Q

Which is the strongest of the three types of cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

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3
Q

Which cartilage has no perichondrium

A

Fibrocartilage

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4
Q

Has neurons bundles of branching elastic fibers within the cartilage matrix

A

Elastic cartilage

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5
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A
  • External ear
  • External auditory canal
  • Epiglottis
  • Walls of the auditory tubes
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6
Q

What is bone matrix made out of?

A
  • Water
  • Collagen
  • Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate)
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7
Q

Stem cells that can divide and differentiate into osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic cells

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8
Q

Secrete bone matrix; become osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts

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9
Q

Mature bone cells; regulate the composition of bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

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10
Q

Release enzymes that digest bone matrix for remodeling of bone

A

Osteoclasts

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11
Q

Two types of bone tissue

A
  • Compact bone (cortical bone)
  • Spongy bone (cancellous bone, trabecular bone)

Both types may be present within the same bone

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12
Q

Most of the skeleton is what type of bone tissue

A

Compact bone

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13
Q

Characteristics of compact bone

A
  • Contains few spaces
  • Forms the external layer of all bones
  • Makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones
  • Provides protection and support, and resists stresses produced by weight and movement
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14
Q

The process of converting a fibrous connective tissue or cartilaginous model into bone

A

Ossification

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15
Q

Two methods of bone formation

A

Intramembranous

Endochondrial

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16
Q

Bone forms within a fibrous connective tissue membrane

A

Intramembranous

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17
Q

Bone forms within a hyaline cartilage model

A

Endochondral

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18
Q

Bone remodeling is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue, which involves

A

Bone resorption

Bone deposition

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19
Q

Removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

A

Bone resorption

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20
Q

Addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

A

Bone deposition

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21
Q

What is the renewal rate for spongy bone tissue

A

5 times the rate for compact bone

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22
Q

Growing bone requires large amounts of

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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23
Q

Collagen synthesis depends on vitamins

A

B12, C, and K

“B12ACK”

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24
Q

Vitamin A does what

A

Stimulates osteoblasts

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25
Q

Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium

A

Calcitriol (Vitamin D)

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26
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do

A
  • Promotes resorption of bone matrix
  • Prevents loss of calcium in the urine
  • Promotes vitamin D (calcitriol) formation
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27
Q

Produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption

A

Calcitonin

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28
Q

Thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

A

Sutures

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29
Q

More space than a suture; more fibrous connective tissue

A

Syndemoses

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30
Q

Teeth in sockets of upper and lower jaw

A

Gomphoses

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31
Q

What are cartilaginous joints

A

Joints components connected by cartilage

  • Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • No synovial cavity
  • Little or no movement
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32
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses
- Hyaline cartilage connecting bones; ossify with age

Symphyses
- Fibrocartilage connecting bones (thin layer of hyaline) typically midline

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33
Q

Most moveable joint

A

Synovial joints

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34
Q

Parts of synovial joints

A
  • Articular capsule
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Articular cartilage
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35
Q

Dense irregular and regular connected tissue in the synovial joint

A

Articular capsule

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36
Q

Lines the capsule; secretes synovial fluid of synovial joints

A

Synovial membrane

37
Q

Viscous, clear fluid; lubericates, allows diffusion of nutrient and wastes of synovial joints

A

Synovial fluid

38
Q

Covers epiphyses of bones; not covered by synovial membrane in synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage

39
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilage

40
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found?

A
  • Nasal septum
  • Larynx
  • Tracheal rings
  • Most articulation surfaces
  • Sternal ends of ribs
41
Q

Most cartilage is covered by?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue call perichondrium

42
Q

After becoming vascularized, the perichondrium?

A

Becomes periosteum

43
Q

What helps put things into cartilage?

A

Force of compression

44
Q

Cartilage has?

A

No blood vessels (except in perichondrium) and no nerves

45
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

46
Q

What are the functions of the bone tissue?

A
  • Support of soft tissues
  • Protection of internal organs
  • Assistance in movement
  • Mineral Homeostasis (storage of calcium and phosphorous)
  • Blood cell production
  • Triglyceride storage
47
Q

Where is the site of blood cell formation?

A

Red bone marrow

48
Q

Yellow bone marrow is

A

Adipose connective tissue

49
Q

Shaft or body of the long bone

A

Diaphysis

50
Q

Distal and promise ends of long bone

A

Epiphyses

51
Q

Where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet

A

Metaphyses

52
Q

At the metahysis of a growing bone

A

Epiphyseal plate

53
Q

Hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses

A

Articulate cartilage

54
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the bone (except for the articulate cartilage)

A

Periosteum

55
Q

Space inside the diaphysis

A

Marrow cavity

56
Q

Membrane lining the marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

57
Q

How is the periosteum attached to the underlying bone?

A

Perforating fibers (AKA sharpey’s fibers)

58
Q

What are perforating fibers?

A

Thick bundles of collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into bone matrix

59
Q

Osteogenic cells are derived from?

A

Mesenchyme

60
Q

Large cells formed by fusion of numerous monocytes

A

Osteoclasts

61
Q

Non-mitotic cells that synthesize and secrete collagen fibers

A

Osteoblasts

62
Q

Non-mitotic cells having processes interconnected by gap junctions

A

Osteocytes

63
Q

What are the tree rings of bone matrix around the Haversian canals?

A

Concentric lamellae

64
Q

What do the Haversian’s (central) canals do?

A
  • Intersect Volkman’s canals
  • Run longitudinally
  • Carry vessels and nerves
65
Q

Cavities between lamellae; each contains one osteocytes

A

Lacunae

66
Q

Tiny canals that project from the lacunae; contain ECF and projections of osteocytes; osteocytes connect via gap junctions

A

Canaliculi

67
Q

Fill spaces between Haversian Systems; fragments of old systems that have been remodeled

A

Interstitial lamellae

68
Q

Encircle the marrow cavity just superficial to the endosteum

A

Inner circumferential lamellae

69
Q

Convey vessels and nerves from the periosteum to the Haversian systems

A

Volkman’s canals (AKA perforating canals)

70
Q

Red marrow is the site of what in adults?

A

Hemopoiesis

71
Q

Where does spongy bone tissue receive nutrients?

A

Marrow cavity

72
Q

Nutrient artery enters the diaphysis via

A

Nutrient foramen and associated nutrient groove

Separate arteries supply metaphysis and epiphysis

73
Q

The periosteum is rich in what?

A

Sensory nerves, especially those that are sensible to tearing or tension

74
Q

What bones form in intramembranous ossification?

A

Clavicle
Bones of skull
Mandible

75
Q

What happens during intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Fibrous CT membrane forms where the future bone will be
  2. Center of ossification forms
    - mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteogenic cells, then into osteoblasts
    - osteoblasts secrete matrix until surrounded
76
Q

What is the most common way bones form?

A

Endochondral ossification

77
Q

What happens during endochondral ossification?

A

Development of hyaline cartilage model
- mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into condroblasts that secrete cartilage matrix, producing a cartilage model

Perichondrium develops around cartilage model

78
Q

Fibrous connective tissue membrane on the outer surface of cartilage, containing condroblasts and in the case of cartilage model, osteogenic cells

A

Perichondrium

79
Q

Where does bone length growth occur?

A

Epiphyseal plate

80
Q

Bone thickness growth

A
  • Occurs in the periosteum
  • Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix along sides of a periosteum artery, forming ridges
  • Osteoblasts become osteocytes when they are surrounded by matrix
  • Ridges fuse, surrounding periosteum artery forming new Haversian system
  • Osteocytes in endosteum form new concentric lamellae
81
Q

Effects of bone remodeling

A
  • Removes injured bone and replaces it with new bone tissue
  • Strengthens bone tissue to meet load
  • Altering bone shape for better suppliers
  • More resistant to fracture
  • Supports calcium homeostasis
82
Q

What happens in a fracture hematoma?

A
  • Blood vessels at site of fracture rupture; bleed and clot forms (6-8 hours after injury)
  • Bone cells die due to loss of blood supply
  • Capillaries grow to hematoma and phagocytic cells migrate remove debris
  • Osteoclasts digest the dead and damaged bone for several weeks
83
Q

Fibrocartilage callus formation

A
  • Capillaries invade the hematoma transform into procallus
  • Fibroblasts migrate in and secrete collagen
  • Osteogenic cells differentiate into condroblasts that secrete cartilage matrix
  • Procallus is transformed into fibrocartilage that bridges fracture
    (Takes about 3 weeks)
84
Q

Bony callus formation

A
  • osteogenic cells in fibrocartilaginous callus differentiate into osteoblasts
  • osteoblasts start to form trabeculae converting the callus into spongy bone
    (Lasts 3-4 month; cast off)
85
Q

Bone remodeling

A
  • Dead fragments of bone are digested by osteoclasts

- Spongy bone on periphery is remodeled into compact bone

86
Q

What are the steps to bone fracture and repair?

A
  1. Fracture hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
87
Q

Calcium reservoir is what?

A

Bone stores 99% of body’s calcium to help regulate the calcium in the blood

88
Q

What is calcium important for?

A
  • Synaptic transmission
  • Muscle contraction
  • Blood clotting

A&P I Test 2- Albertson (4 decks)

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