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A&P I Test 2- Albertson > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two principal parts of the skin?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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2
Q

Consisting of areolar and adipose tissue is not part of the skin

A

Hypodermis AKA subcutaneous layer

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3
Q

What are the specific functions of the skin?

A 
Thermoregulation
Protection from external environment 
Cutaneous sensation 
Excretion 
Synthesis of vitamin D
Reservoir for blood 
Absorbs substances
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4
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis and what cells is it made up of?

A
  • Keratinocytes: 90% of the cells; form 4 or 5 layers
  • Melanocytes: Pigment-producing cells
  • Langerhans Cells: immune cells
  • Merkel Cells: For sensation
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5
Q

How are keratinocytes formed?

A

New cells produced by mitosis become filled w/ keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that waterproofs the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals

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6
Q

Produces the pigment melanin

A

Organelle: melanosome

Melanocytes

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7
Q

The melanosomes synthesize what?

A

Melanin from tyrosine in the presence of tyrosinase

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8
Q

How does melanocytes transfer melanin granules?

A

Melanocytes extend between keratinocytes, and transfer melanin granules to them.

Melanin granules then cluster over the nucleus on the side forward the skin surface, shielding nuclear DNA from UV light

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9
Q

Participate in the immune response to microbes that invade the skin

A

Langerhans cells

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10
Q

How do langerhans cells move through the body?

A

Originate in the bone marrow
Migrate to the epidermis
When they encounter an antigen they migrate to lymphoid tissue to help initiate the immune response

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11
Q

Where do Merkel cells reside?

A

The deepest layer of the epidermis where they contact the flattened processes of tactile discs

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12
Q

Sensory Neuron (nerve cell)

A

Merkel cells

- together the tactile discs function in the sensation of touch

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13
Q

What are the least numerous epidermal cells?

A

Merkel Cells

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14
Q

Layers of the epidermis (outer to inner)

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (only present fingertips, palms, and soles)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Come Let’s Get Some Beer

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15
Q

Continuously undergo mitosis, thereby forming new skin cells

A

Keratinocytes

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16
Q

Characteristics of stratum basale

A
  • Deepest layer of epidermis

- Mostly keratinocytes, few melanocytes and Merkel cells

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17
Q

Keratinocytes have what?

A

Intermediate filaments (tonofilaments) composed of a protein that will later form keratin

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18
Q

Characteristics of stratum spinosum

A
  • 8-10 layers of keratinocytes and few langerhans cells
  • Cells are still alive; some divide
  • Older cells start to flatten
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19
Q

Characteristics of stratum granulosum

A

Is the transition between the deeper living cells and the more superficial dead cells

  • 3-5 layer of flattened keratinocytes
  • Older cells undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) and die
  • Nuclei and organelles degenerate
  • Lamellar granules release a waterproofing lipid solution
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20
Q

What is the distinctive feature of stratum granulosum?

A

Granules of darkly staining keratohyalin granules (a protein that converts tonofilaments into keratin)

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21
Q

Characteristics of stratum lucidum

A
  • Only found on fingertips, palms, and soles

- 3 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (tonofilaments and keratohyalin)

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22
Q

Characteristics of stratum corneum

A
  • Most superficial layer
  • 25-30 layers of flattened, dead cells
  • Interior of cells contains mostly keratin
  • Between cells, lipids from lamellar granules provide waterproofing
  • Cells are continuously sloughed off and replaced by cells from deeper strata
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23
Q

The dermis is divided into two components based on structure

A

Papillary region
- more superficial

Reticular region
- the deeper of the two

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24
Q

The dermis is made of what tissue and contains what?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue; collagen and elastic connective tissue

  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
  • Glands: sebaceous and sudoriferous (sweat)
  • Hair follicles
  • Arrectores pilorum muscles (singular is arrector pili)
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25
Q

What receptors are present in the papillary region?

A

Touch corpuscles (Meissen corpuscles) for touch/ light touch

Free nerve endings with no apparent structural specialization of warmth, coolness, pain, tickle, and itch

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26
Q

Superficial part of the dermis (placing it just deep to the stratum basale)

A

Papillary region

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27
Q

What greatly increases surface area and what is it good for?

A

Dermal papillae

  • Better adhesion to epidermis
  • More surface area for diffusion to and from epidermis
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28
Q

Characteristic of reticular region

A

Consist of dense, irregular connective tissue containing bundles of collagen and some elastic fibers

Spaces between fibers are occupied by adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands

29
Q

What provides skin with strength, extensibility, and elasticity?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular region

30
Q

What is the alternate name, what does it contain and what tissue is the subcutaneous layer made up of?

A

AKA hypodermis

Areolar and adipose tissues

  • Fat
  • Fibers that attach the dermis to deeper tissues
  • Larger blood vessels
  • Sensory receptors pressure sense
31
Q

Characteristic of epidermal ridges

A

Ducts of sweat glands open on the tops of the ridges as sweat pores forming a pattern on smooth objects that are touched

32
Q

What are the three pigments that combine to make the color of the skin?

A

Melanin (genetically determined)
Carotene (genetically determined)
Hemoglobin (can change)

33
Q

Exposure to UV light _________ the enzymatic activity of __________, leading to __________ melanin production, which gives the skin a tanned appearance and further protects the body against _________

A

Increases
Melanosomes
Increase
UV radiation

34
Q

What is the carotene contribution to skin color and where is it found?

A
  • Yellow- orange pigment that is a precursor to vitamin A, used to synthesize pigments needed for vision
  • Found in the stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis and subcutaneous layer
35
Q

What happens when little melanin or carotene are present?

A

The spider is appears translucent thereby allowing hemoglobin in capillaries of dermis to be expressed; generally pink skin

36
Q

In the dermis; secrete sebum (oil) into hair follicle

A

Sebaceous glands

- absent in the palms and soles

37
Q

In the dermis; duct extends through the epidermis

A

Sudoriferous glands

38
Q

Two main types of sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine sweat glands (AKA merocrine sweat glands)

Apocrine sweat glands

39
Q

Eccrine sweat glands (AKA merocrine sweat glands)

A
  • more common, found most places on skin, thermoregulation
  • smaller than apocrine
  • do not extend deeply
  • excrete directly onto the surface of skin
40
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A
  • found in association with hair that develops at puberty
  • larger secretory portion; larger overall
  • found deeper in dermis
  • secrete into Pilar’s canal of hair follicle
41
Q

What happens in psoriasis?

A
  • Keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal from stratum basale to stratum corneum, and are shed prematurely
  • Immature keratinocytes make abnormal keratin which forms flaky, silvery scales at skin surface (dandruff)
42
Q

What are the three common forms of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinomas (most common)
Squamous cell carcinomas
Malignant melanomas (least common, most life-threatening)

43
Q

What is the least type of skin cancer but most common for children?

A

Melanoma

44
Q

What is happening in albinism?

A

Melanocytes are unable to synthesize tryroinase

45
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

Produces irregular white spots

May be an autoimmune disorder

46
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Hemoglobin that is depleted of oxygen

Looks deep, purpleish blue

47
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellowish appearance to the white of the eyes and skin

Caused by build up of yellow pigment bilirubin in blood

Indicates liver disease

48
Q

What is erythema?

A

Redness of the skin

Caused by enforcement of capillaries in dermis with blood due to

  • skin injury
  • exposure to heat
  • infection
  • inflammation
  • allergic reaction
49
Q

What is striae?

A

Scarring of the skin by tearing of dermis (stretch marks; striae gravidarum)

50
Q

What is alopecia?

A

Partial or complete lack of hair

May result from again, endocrine disorder, chemotherapy for cancer, or skin disease

51
Q

What is contact dermatitis?

A

Inflammation of the skin characterized by redness, itching, and swelling

Caused by exposure of skin to chemicals that bring about an allergic reaction

52
Q

What happens during epidermal would healing?

A
  • Basal cells at margins of the wound break contact with basement membrane and migrate
  • Basal cells contact each other, they stop migrating (contact inhibition)
  • Mitosis of basal cells is stimulated
  • Keratinocytes move up to form the more superficial layers
53
Q

What are the stages of deep wound healing?

A

Inflammatory phase
Migratory phase
Proliferation phase
Maturation phase

54
Q

What happens in the inflammatory phase?

A
  • Blood clot forms and binds wound edges
  • Blood flow increased, blood vessels become more permeable
  • WBCs and mesenchymal cells migrate to the area
55
Q

What happens during the migratory phase?

A
  • Epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab and bridge the wound
  • Fibroblasts migrate into the wound and begin to produce collagen fibers
    (Fibroblasts derived from mesenchymal cells)
56
Q

What happens during proliferation phase?

A
  • Growth of epidermal cells beneath scab
  • Increase in the amount of collagen
  • Regeneration of blood vessels
57
Q

What happens during the maturation phase?

A
  • Scab is lost
  • Collagen fibers become more organized
  • Fibroblast numbers decrease
  • Blood vessels are restored to normal
58
Q

If there are any voids in the dermis what are they filled with?

A

Scar tissue (fibrosis)

  • collagen is more dense than in normal dermis
  • fewer blood vessels and accessory structures
59
Q

What are the classifications for first degree burns?

A
  • Involves only the epidermis
  • Mild pain and erythema, no blisters
  • Skin functions remain intact
  • Pain can be reduced by cold water flush
  • Heals in 3-6 days, may have have flaking or peeling
  • Mild sunburn
60
Q

What are the classifications for second degree burns?

A
  • Destroys a portion of the epidermis and possibly parts of dermis
  • Pain, redness, blister formation, and edema
  • Some skin functions are lost
  • 3-4 weeks healed if no infection
  • Scarring may result
61
Q

What are the classifications for third degree burns?

A
  • Destroys portion of the epidermis as well as underlying dermis and associated structures
  • Skin functions are lost
  • Vary in appearance from marble-white to mahogany to charred, dry wounds
  • Area is numb due to destruction of sensory nerve endings
  • regeneration is slow, grading may be required
62
Q

What is termed full-thickness burn?

A

Third degree burns

63
Q

What is considered partial-thickness burns?

A

First and second degree burns

64
Q

Total head and neck

A

9%

65
Q

total each upper limb

A

9 for each, 4.5 for anterior/ posterior

66
Q

Front and back of torso

A

18% for each

67
Q

Lower limbs

A

18% for each limb, 9% for anterior/ posterior

68
Q

Perineum

A

1%

A&P I Test 2- Albertson (4 decks)

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