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A&P1 Test 2 Tissues > Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fxn of cartilage

A
  1. Covers articulating surfaces to reduce friction
  2. template for bone formation
  3. increases flexibility of the skeleton
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2
Q

Describe fibers that make up cartilage

A

a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in a ground substance of chondroitin sulfate.

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3
Q

What fiber gives cartilage its strength?

A

Collagen

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4
Q

What Substance gives cartilage its plasticity

A

chondroitin sulfate

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5
Q

True or False cartilage has blood vessels

A

False

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6
Q

What are the 3 type of cartilage and describe them.

A
  1. Hyaline=most common, provides smooth surface for movement. (Think ends of log bones)
  2. Fibrocartilage= disc shaped, between bones, consist of thick bundles of collagen, very strong, tough (think vertebral discs)
  3. Elastic cartilage= chondrocytes located in network of elastic fibers, (makes up malleable part of ear)
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7
Q

What are the functions of bone tissues

A
  1. Supports soft tissues
  2. Protects organs
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral homeostasis (Ca and P)
  5. Blood cell production (red marrow)
  6. Triglyceride storage (yellow marrow)
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8
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft or body of a long bone

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9
Q

Epiphysis

A

distal and proximal ends of the bones

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10
Q

Metaphysis

A

Where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet

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11
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

an area of bone growth at the metaphysis

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12
Q

Articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis

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13
Q

Periosteum

A

dense irregular connective tissue that covers the bone (except articular cartilage)

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14
Q

Marrow cavity

A

space inside the diaphysis

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15
Q

Endosteum

A

membrane lining the marrow cavity

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16
Q

What is the make up of water, collagen, and hydroxyapatite

A

25% water, 25% collagen, 50% hydroxyapatite

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17
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that can divide and change to osteoblast

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18
Q

Osteoblast

A

secrete bone matrix, become osteocytes

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19
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, regulate bone matrix

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20
Q

Osteoclast

A

from macrophages, releases enzymes that breakdown bone for remodeling.

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of bones

A

Compact and spongy

-can be present within the same bone

22
Q

Define osteons

A

units of compact bone formed by concentric lamellae

23
Q

Define concentric lamellae

A

rings of calcified matrix

24
Q

Define interstitial lamellae

A

fragments of older osteons that are between active osteons

25
Q

Outer circumferential lamellae

A

lamellae that circles the whole bone, underneath the periosteum

26
Q

Inner circumferential lamellae

A

lamellae that circles the marrow(medullary) cavity

27
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces between lamellae which house osteocytes

28
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels filled w/ extracellular fluid connecting lacunae

29
Q

Where are blood and lymphatic vessels found in the bone.

A

In the central canal of the osteon

30
Q

Volkmann’s (perforating) canals

A

Canals that allow transit of vessels to the outer cortex of the bone

31
Q

Trabeculae

A

thin lattice columns in spongy bones that house lacunae

-spongy bones lack osteons

32
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in the bone

A

red marrow located in spongy bone

33
Q

In what 4 situations does bone formation occur

A
  1. bone formation in the embryo
  2. growth of bones until adulthood
  3. Remolding of bone
  4. repair of fracture
34
Q

What are the 2 different methods osteogenesis can occur

A
  1. Intra-membrane ossification

2. endochondral ossification

35
Q

Describe the process of intra-membranous ossification

A
  • Simpler of the 2 bone formation methods, produces spongy bone initially
  • Bone forms from mesenchymal cells that develop within a membrane
  • Many ossification centers
36
Q

Describe the process of endochondral ossification

A
  • How most long bones are formed
  • 1 primary and 2 secondary ossification centers
  1. Cartilage model forms
  2. Cartilage model grows
  3. Primary ossification center forms, and most cartilage tissue is replaced by bone
  4. Development of the marrow/medullary cavity by osteoclast
  5. Development of secondary ossification centers at the epiphyses
  6. Articular cartilage forms
37
Q

Bone resorption

A

removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclast

38
Q

Bone deposition

A

add minerals and collagen fiber to bone by osteoblast

39
Q

Acromegaly

A

excessive bone formation causing abnormally thick and heavy

40
Q

Osteomalecia

A

“adult rickets”, new bone is formed during remodeling but fails to calcify
-Usually caused by Vit D def

41
Q

Rickets

A

childhood dz, new bone is formed at the epiphyseal plates but fails to osssify.
-Usually caused by Vit D def

42
Q

Osteoporosis

A

resorption of bone outpaces deposition, usually caused by depletion of Ca

43
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

degeneration of articular cartilage, creating bone on bone contact which results in friction

44
Q

What are the 5 effects of bone remolding

A
  1. removes injured bone
  2. provides strengthening of bone tissue to meet the demand placed on it
  3. alteration of shape for better support
  4. more resistant to fx
  5. supports Ca homeostatis
45
Q

What are the 4 steps for fx repair

A
  1. 6-8 hrs after injury, formation of fx hematoma
  2. 3 wks to 6 months, formation of fibro-cartilaginous callus, phagocytes remove cellular debris and fibroblast deposit collagen
  3. osteoblast form spongy bone callus by ossifying fibro-cartilaginous callus
  4. Remodeling boney callus, spongey bone replaced by compact bone. Takes several months
46
Q

What Vitamins are necessary for normal bone metabolism and their fxns.

A
  • Vitamin A= stimulates osteoblast
  • Vitamin C=collagen formation
  • Vitamin D (Calcitriol)= promotes absorption of Ca in the gut
  • Vitamin K and B12= synthesis of bone protein
47
Q

How much of the body’s Ca is stored in the bone

A

99%

48
Q

Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on bone

A

Increases blood Ca by:

  • promotes resorption of bone
  • prevents loss of Ca in the urine
  • promotes Vit D formation
49
Q

Effect of Calcitonin on bone

A

Reduces blood Ca by inhibiting bone resorption

-made by parafollicular cells of the thyroid

50
Q

What is a fibrous joint and the 3 types

A

Bone attached by fibrous connective tissue, it allows little movement

  1. Suture=thin layer of fibrous connective tissue (think skull)
  2. Syndesmoses= more space and fibrous connective tissue than suture (think between ulna and radius)
  3. Gomphoses= teeth sockets
51
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint and the 2 types

A

Joint connected by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline), NO synovial cavity, little or no movement

  1. Synchondroses= hyaline cartilage connecting bones, may ossify w/ age. (think epiphyseal plate)
  2. Symphyses= fibrocartilage connecting bone (think pubic symphysis)
52
Q

What are the 4 parts of a synovial joint and describe them

A
  1. Articular capsule= dense irregular and regular connective tissue that surrounds the joint
  2. Synovial membrane= lines of articular capsule and secretes synovial fluid
  3. Synovial fluid= viscous fluid that lubricates the joints and allows diffusion of nutrient/waste
  4. Articular cartilage= covers epiphyses, not covered by synovial membrane
    * may contain articular discs aka menisci

A&P1 Test 2 Tissues (4 decks)

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