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A&P1 Test 2 Tissues > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of nervous tissue

A

It provides generation of nerve impulses that communicate w/ an regulate most body tissues.

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2
Q

What are the components of the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are afferent neurons

A

neurons that send a signal to the CNS

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4
Q

What are efferent neurons

A

neurons that send a signal away from the CNS

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5
Q

What are the 3 general organizations of the nervous system and what do they control.

A
  1. Somatic=> sensation from the body, motor control of the skeletal muscle, special senses
  2. Autonomic=>sensation from internal organs excluding the GI tract
  3. Enteric=> sensation of the GI tract
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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of autonomic nervous system.

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions

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7
Q

What is an association (bundle) of neuronal axons

A

In CNS=> tract

In PNS=> nerve

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8
Q

What is a bundle or neuronal cell bodies

A

In CNS=> nucleus

In PNS=> ganglion

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9
Q

Define Plexus

A

an extensive network of nerves (axons and cell bodies) found in the PNS

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10
Q

What are the 2 general types of cells in the nervous system.

A
  1. Neurons=> produce and transmit impulses (action potentials)
  2. Neuroglia=> support cells of the neuron, more of these than neurons
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11
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of a neuron

A
  1. Dendrites=> (little trees) receiving portion of a neuron
  2. Cell body=>
  3. Axon=> propagates impulses,
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12
Q

What is the axoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of the axon

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13
Q

What is the axolemma

A

the plasmalemma of the axon

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14
Q

What are Nissl bodies

A

prominent clusters of rough ER in a neuron

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15
Q

Where do axons arise from in the cell body

A

Axon hillock

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16
Q

Where do action potentials arise from in the cell body

A

In the trigger zone which is the junction between the axon hillock and the initial segment of the axon. It integrates excitatory and or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and if they sum to depolarize and action potential is sent.

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17
Q

What organelles do axons contain

A

Mitochondria, microtubules, neurofibrils

-thus protein synthesis does not occur

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18
Q

Define telodendria

A

Divisions at the terminal end of an axon

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19
Q

Define varicosities

A

small bead like swellings at the terminal end of an axon that transmit impulses to neighboring neurons

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20
Q

Name the 2 types of axonal transports and describe them.

A
  1. Slow axonal transports=> 1 way from cell body to axon terminal
  2. Fast axonal transports=> 2 way transport toward and away from cell body
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21
Q

How are neurons classified

A

based on the number processes (axons/dendrites) extending from the cell body

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22
Q

What are the 3 neuron types and their general characteristics.

A
  1. Multipolar =several dendrites, one axon. (Majority of neurons)
  2. Bipolar = 1 dendrite, 1 axon, used in special senses (hearing, taste, sight, smell, balance)
  3. Pseudounipolar= one process that extends from the body and splits into a branch that acts as a dendrite and axon (touch and stretch)
23
Q

Where is the trigger zone a pseudounipolar neuron

A

close to the dendrite portion of the central branch

24
Q

What are the Neuroglia of the CNS and there functions

A
  1. Astrocytes=takes up excessive neurotransmitters, regulate composition of CNS fluid and helps form blood brain barrier
  2. Ependymal cells= line the ventricles, produces CNS fluid, helps w/ blood brain barrier
  3. Oligiodendrocytes= myelinate CNS axons
  4. Microglia=Phagocytes of CNS
25
Q

What are the Neuroglia of the PNS and there functions

A
  1. Schwann cells= myelinate PNS axons

2. Satellite cells= provide structural support and regulate exchange of materials between cell bodies and ISF

26
Q

What cells do Gliomas arise from

A

Neuroglial cells

27
Q

What is the role of myelin in the nervous system

A

insulate axons to speed up nerve impulse conduction

28
Q

What is a Schwann cell called once it myelinates an axon

A

neurolemmocyte

29
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelin, occurs in PNS and CNS

30
Q

What does the endoneurium surround

A

A nerve fiber which consist of the axon plus the myelin sheath

31
Q

How does the myelination of an axon in the CNS differ from the PNS

A

CNS it is done by oligodendrocyte, which can myelinate multiples times same or different neurons. There is not a neurolemma

PNS = neurolemma, 1 schwann cell, i myelination

32
Q

What is white matter primarily composed of

A

myelinated tract fibers

33
Q

What is gray matter primarily composed of

A

Cell bodies, gets its color from Nissl bodies

34
Q

What are the 2 types of electrical signals used by neurons to communicate

A
  • Action potentials=all or nothing, used for long and short distances
  • Graded potentials= used for short distances, are used to affect or effect APs, change in membrane potential is potential to strength of stimuli.
35
Q

What two features must a nerve cell have to generate AP’s or graded potentials

A
  1. resting membrane potential

2. voltage gated ion channels

36
Q

What is the rest membrane potential of neurons

A

-70 mV

37
Q

What are the 4 types of ion channels and how do they function.

A
  1. Leakage channels=randomly open and close, slow leaky ions across membrane
  2. Ligand-gated channels= open or close in reponse to a certain compound
  3. Mechanically gated channel= open in response to a mechanical stimuli ie tension on plasma membrane
  4. Voltage gated channels= open and close in response to membrane potential
38
Q

What accounts for the greatest negative charge intercellularly

A

organic phosphates, AA, and proteins,

39
Q

Define hyperpolarization

A

membrane becomes more negative

40
Q

Define depolarization

A

membrane becomes less negative

41
Q

Describe the action potential phases in regards to ions and gated channels being opened

A
  1. Resting state= both Na and K voltage channels closed
  2. Depolarization threshold of -55mV is meet causing Na channels to open and Na to flood into cell
  3. Repolarization= Na channels close or start to close, K voltage gated channels open causing K to fluid out of the cell
    4 Rest state restore, Na pumped out and K pumped back in
42
Q

In the relative refractory period what voltage gated channels are open

A

K voltage gated channels open, Na in resting state

43
Q

In the absolute refractory period what are Na and K voltage gated channels doing

A

K voltage channels open

Na voltage channels open and in the process of closing

44
Q

How do Ca ions affect Na voltage channels

A

They bind to exterior of Na channel protein and cause the need for higher voltage levels to open the gated channel

45
Q

What is the movement of a nerve impulse the axon terminals called

A

Propagation or conduction

46
Q

What is positive feed back of propagation

A

part of cell membrane depolarizes d/t Na flowing into that segment of membrane, this in turn allows Na to influx into an adjacent portion of the cell membrane causing it depolarize

47
Q

What is continuous conduction

A

the step by step depolarization and repolarization of adjacent membrane segments

48
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

Special mode of conduction only in myelinated neurons, were current is carried by intracellular and extracellular ions from one node of ranvier to the next

-Voltage gated channels concentrated at nodes of Ranvier

49
Q

What form of conduction is faster and more energy efficient

A

Saltatory conduction

50
Q

How do neurons produce the majority of their ATP and what does that mean for the vascularization of the nervous system

A

Aerobic respiration, so lots of O2 needed, so nervous tissue is highly vascularized

51
Q

How does the diameter of the axon affect conduction

A

Larger diameter, faster conduction

52
Q

What are the 3 sizes of axon diameters

A

A fibers= largest
B fibers= medium
C fiber= smallest

53
Q

What 2 mechanisms enable stimuli of differing intensities to be registered differently given nerve impulses are the same size.

A

Frequency and number of sensory neurons activated

54
Q

What does an influx of Ca at the varicosities causes

A

The release of neurotransmitter synaptic vesicles

A&P1 Test 2 Tissues (4 decks)

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