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Structure And Function Of Living Organisms > Skeletal systems > Flashcards

Skeletal systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is crucial for support and why

A

Hollow tubes - structurally stronger (less likely to bend)

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2
Q

At what levels is support in plants provided

A

cellular level, tissue level and gross level

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3
Q

What provides cellular support

A

Turgor pressure - when water enters the vacuole enlarges and pushes against the cell wall providing stability. When water is lost cell becomes plasmolysed

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4
Q

What are the 2 systems in plants

A

Shoot and root system

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5
Q

The role of the pith in the shoot system

A

contain parenchyma. Thin cell walls. Increasing volume of the vacuole increases size and presses on surrounding cell

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6
Q

The role of the cortex in the shoot system

A

contain collenchyma. Primary wall with some thickening (corners). Flexible allows bending

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7
Q

How do the pith and cortex work together

A

The parenchyma (that is filled with fluid) press on collenchyma providing support

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8
Q

What is the vascular bundles
(shoot system)

A

xylem and phloem. Xylem are hollow tubes, lined longitudinally. Undergo apoptosis - cell wall for water transport

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9
Q

What is the vascular bundle surrounded by (shoot system)

A

Sclerenchyma - has a thick secondary cell wall. Provides rigidity and elasticity (returns to original shape after deformation)

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10
Q

What does the arrangement of vascular bundles effect

A

limits the size of the plant. Monocotyledonous have a random arrangement, dicotyledonous are in a ring

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11
Q

Function of the primary (tap) root
(root system)

A

Primary anchorage and stability

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12
Q

Function of lateral roots (root system)

A

Primarily absorb water and dissolved minerals

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13
Q

What is a monocotyledonous plant

A

Contains only one embryonic leaf

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14
Q

What is a dicotyledonous plant

A

Has a pair of cotyledons in the embryo of the seed

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15
Q

Describe the hydrostatic skeleton

A

Capsule of fluid surrounded by 2 layers of muscle (circular and longitudinal). Fluid filled cavity acts as a rigid column on which muscles act

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16
Q

What do circular and longitudinal muscle contract in hydrostatic skeleton

A

Circular - elongate and narrow the body. Longitudinal - Shorten and thicken the body

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17
Q

Segmental contraction in hydrostatic skeletons

A

Segmental contraction of muscle and anchorage by bristles drives the body forwards - burrowing

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18
Q

Describe the exoskeleton

A

Hard outer surface (protection of soft tissue - armour). Made from chitin which is strong and light, mineralisation (hard/protective), thin and flexible joints

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19
Q

What does the exoskeleton provide in arthropods

A

Strength and mobility (from jointed muscles) as well as a site for muscle attachment to help movement

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20
Q

What is the limitations of the exoskeleton

A

Can be crush (size limiting), does not grow in line with the body (needs to be shed) so are potentially vulnerable until it hardens

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21
Q

What does the endoskeleton provide

A

Rigid system for muscle contraction and protection of vital organs

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22
Q

Describe a cartilaginous endoskeleton

A

Cartilage must be thin to allow diffusion of oxygen into the tissue. Is light, efficient and flexible

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23
Q

Describe a bony endoskeleton

A

Can support weight of large animals, rigid support against gravity, develop from a cartilaginous skeleton, leavers which can be moved by muscles, dynamic (respond to physiological loading)

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24
Q

Describe bones

A

The bones are not solid. Central (medullary) cavity, reduces sugar and increases strength (resist compression and tension - hollow tube). Living cells in mineralised ECM, arranged in columns around an artery (hollow tubes) = osteon

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25
What are the functions of the skeletal system
Provides support, determines the shape of the body, function as levers by acting with muscle to facilitate joint movement, protection of vital organs, contains red bone marrow (blood cell formation), mineral store for calcium and phosphates
26
Types of bone
long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid
27
Long bones
Limbs/levers, transmit longitudinal forces
28
Short bones
Support and stability - limited movement
29
Flat bones
Protective, muscle attachments
30
Irregular bone
Not classified into any other category (vertebra)
31
Sesamoid bone
Develops within tendons
32
Anatomy of a long bone
Top - epiphysis Middle - diaphysis (shaft) Bottom - metaphysis
33
What connective tissue does a long bone have
Vascular and fibrous. cellular
34
What is in the middle oft long bones
Medullary cavity. Contains yellow marrow (adipose tissue)
35
What is the outer layer of the long bone
Periosteum
36
What is the layer that coats the medullary cavity called
Endosteum
37
Trabecular bone (spongy and compact bone)
String but minimises weight, thickness varies. Trabeculae aligned along lines of principle stress (e.g., femur stress goes downwards)
38
What is Wolff's law
The bones ability to adapt to that stress
39
What do living cells in bones do
Maintain extracellular matrix
40
What are osteoblasts
Immature bone cells, on bone surface (periosteum and endosteum), secrete organic bone matrix = osteoid to bone
41
What are osteoclasts
Secretes acids and enzymes that remove bone. Multi nuclear cells derived from monocytes. In the endosteum
42
What are osteocytes
Mature bone cells, stellate, sense loading (communicate)
43
What is the difference between osteoporosis and ostepetrosis
Osteoporosis - bone is weak. Ostepetrosis - excess bone formation
44
Bone matrix - inorganic component
67%. Provides ridgity, Ca10PO4(OH)2 (Hydroxyapatite)
45
Bone matrix - organic component
33%. 90% collagen, 10% other proteins. Provides flexibility
46
Axial skeleton function
Midline protection and muscle attachment
47
Axial skeleton - skull
Contains and protects the brain, organs of special sense, and upper respiratory and alimentary tracts
48
Axial skeleton - vertebral column
Provides flexible support for head and appendicular skeleton, contains and protects the spinal cord
49
Axial skeleton - bones in vertebral colum
4 curvatures, 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacral and coccyx
50
Axial skeleton - thoracic skeleton
Attached to thoracic vertebrae. Ribs - 12 pairs (7 true, 5 false, 2 floating)
51
Appendicular skeleton
Movement/locomotion. Similar pattern; evolutionary development
52
Appendicular skeleton - upper limb
Dexterity
53
Appendicular skeleton - lower limb
support and movement
54
Features of fibrous joints
No/limited movement. Dense fibrous connective tissue connecting bone
55
Cartilaginous joints
Primary - joined by hyaline cartilage. Secondary - bones joined by fibrocartilage
56
Synovial joint
Ends of bones covered with articulate fluid, contains synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane. Enclosed in an elastic joint capsule and is freely moveable
57
Shapes of a synovial joint
Gliding, pivot, hinge, ball and socket, ellipsoid, saddle
58
Skeletal muscle features
striated, voluntary
59
cardiac muscle features
striated, involuntary
60
Smooth muscle features
non-striated, involuntary
61
3 functions of muscle
movement of the body and its parts, posture, heat production
62
Basic muscle structure
Has a fleshy muscle belly and a tendon on both ends
63
How do muscles generate movement
Runs from one bone to another across a joint to generate movement. During contraction the muscle will move one bone relative to another
64
Stationary end of the muscle
origin. Usually proximal
65
More moveable end of the muscle
insertion - usually distal
66
1st class muscle contartion
Axis (joint) in the middle. Resistance and force at opposite ends
67
2nd class muscle contraction
Axis at the end, resistance in the middle
68
3rd class muscle contraction
Resistance at the end, force on the middle
69
What are muscles made from
Contractile cells and connective tissue. Located in the 'fleshy' muscle belly, they are the functional unit. Long multinucleate cells = muscle fibre which contains myofibrils made up of actin and myosin filaments
70
Parallel muscle fibre organisation
Weak contraction, large range of movement
71
Unipennate muscle fibre organisation
Stronger contraction, shorter range of movement
72
Bipennate muscle fibre organisation
Very strong contraction, short range of movement
73
Multipennate muscle fibre organisation
Strongest contraction, shortest range of movement
74
Fibrous connective tissue
Surrounded by bundles of contractile cells. At one or both ends of fibrous structure connect the muscle to bone (tendons). Gliding if fascicles. Passage of BV and nerves
75
What is an aponeuroses
A broad flat tendon
76
What is the function of a tendon
To transfer the force of muscle pull to bone to facilitate joint movement
77
Tendon structure
High tensile strength, mostly made out of type 1 collagen, 2 specialised regions for attachment to musculoskeletal system (myotendinous junction and osteotendonous juntion or enthesis)
78
Isotonic muscle contraction
Constant tension. Change in length of the muscle. 2 types - concentric and eccentric
79
Concentric muscle contraction
muscle gets shorter when it contracts
80
Eccentric muscle contraction
Muscle lengthens ('paying out' controls movement)
81
Isometric muscle contraction
Constant length. Muscle contract but stays the same length
82
Muscle that generates basic movement
Agonist/prime mover
83
Muscle that oppose movement/initiate and maintain the opposite movement
antagonist
84
Muscle that helps the prime mover
synergist
85
Muscle that stabilises the bone to allow movement to take place
Fixer
86
What are the structures associated with osteocytes (learn diagram)
Matrix, lacuna, canaliculi, cell process
87
What are the structures associated with osteoblasts (learn diagram)
outer fibrous layer, inner osteogenic layer, osteoid, bone, osteoblast
88
What are the structures associated with osteoclasts (learn diagram)
Endosteum, Howhsip's lacuna

Structure And Function Of Living Organisms (10 decks)

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