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functional anatomy > skeletal system unit 4 > Flashcards

skeletal system unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

function of periosteum

A

tough outer layer of bone

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2
Q

function of bone minerals

A

calcium and phosphorus are stored within the bone and are essential for growth

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3
Q

function of bone marrow

A
  • found in medullary cavity (middle of the bone )
  • red bone marrow= produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
  • yellow bone marrow = produces fats and cartilage
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4
Q

function of epiphysis

A
  • rounded edges of the bone
  • where bone make a joint
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5
Q

function of growth plates

A
  • discs of cartilage at the end of the bone
  • where bones increase in length
  • once person has stopped growing they fuse to form the epiphyseal line
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6
Q

function of the diaphysis

A

central shaft of bone

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7
Q

function of cancellous bone

A
  • found at the epiphysis (end of bone )
  • spongey texture
  • provides space for red bone marrow
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8
Q

function of compact bone

A

hard tissue surrounding the bone

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9
Q

function of articular catrilage

A
  • covers the end of bone
  • reduces friction
  • prevents damage at the joints
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10
Q

tuberosity

A

large rounded projection where muscles attach
e.g ulnar tuberosity

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11
Q

condyles

A

rounded bump which fits into a fossa on another bone
e.g distal end of femur

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12
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression on the surface of the bone which recieves another bone to create a joint
e.g scapula

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13
Q

processes

A

raised projection where connective tissue attaches
e.g vertebrae

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14
Q

notches

A

v shaped depression at the edge of a flat area
e.g jaw/mandible

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15
Q

borders

A

main portion of the bone
e.g long bones such as femur

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16
Q

osteoblasts

A

create new bone by increasing the amount of calcium

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17
Q

osteoclasts

A

reabsorb old or weakened bone and remove unnecessary calcium

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18
Q

osteocytes

A

created from osteoblasts and make up the majority of mature bones

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19
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • osteoclasts are breaking down bones quicker than they are being replaced causing weak and brittle bones.
  • resolves in an uneven ratio of osteoblast and osteoclast production
20
Q

analyse the process of bone growth and remodelling

A
  • ossification is the process of the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new
  • one of the cells which aid this is osteoblasts which create new bone by increasing the amount of calcium
  • the other cells involved are called osteoclasts which reabsorb old/weak bones by removing unneecessay calcium
  • the ratio in which these make/destroy bone tissue determines how strong the bones are e.g osteoporosis is a condition related to brittle bones due to ostoeclasts working harder than osteoblasts beaning the bones are being broken down quicker than they are being made
  • during exercise, osteoblast activity increases and osteocytes are created from osteoblasts and make up majority of mature bones
  • bones grwo from the ends (epiphysis) of long bones were the growth plates are
  • essential minerals for bone growth is calcium and phosphorus
21
Q

vertebral column

A
  • cervical 7 bones
  • thoracic 12 bones
  • lumbar 5 bones
  • sacrum 5 bones fused
  • coccyx 4 bones fused
    -33 bones in total
22
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • protection of vital organs
  • cranium
  • vertebral column
  • sternum
  • ribcage
23
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • allows movement
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • humerus
  • femur
  • tibia etc
24
Q

TYPES OF BONES

long bones

A
  • make up limbs
  • made from epiphysis(end) and diaphysis (shaft)
  • bone marrow in shaft which produces blood cells
  • e.g femur
25
Q

short bones

A
  • small, light and strong
  • cubed shaped bones
  • e.g carpals
26
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin, flattened, slightly curved
  • large surface area
  • e.g scapula
27
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • suspended within a tendon
  • provide a smooth surface for the bones to slide over
  • e.g patella
28
Q

irregular bones

A
  • complex shapes
  • e.g vertebral column
29
Q

function of ligaments

A
  • connect bone to bone
  • avoid any unwanted movement
  • stabalize the joint
  • bands of tough fibrous tissue
  • avoid hyperflexion and hyperextension
30
Q

JOINTS

fixed joints (fibrous)

A
  • dont allow any movement
  • form during childhood
  • held together by tough fibrous tissue
  • e.g cranium
31
Q

cartilagenous joints

A
  • allows small amounts of movements
  • ends of the bone are covered in articular cartilage
  • e.g discs in vertebral column
32
Q

synovial joints

A
  • allow sporting movements
  • all have articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule and a bursa
33
Q

hinge joints

A
  • allow movements in 1 direction
  • flexion and extension (forwards and backwards)
  • e.g elbow and knee
34
Q

ball and socket joints

A
  • round edge of bone fits into a cup shaped socket
  • allow movements in all directions
  • e.g hip and shoulder
35
Q

condyloid joints

A
  • ligaments prevent rotation
  • condyle/ bump on one bone sits in the hollow space of another
  • allow flexion and extension
  • allow abduction and adduction
  • e.g wrist
36
Q

gliding joint

A
  • allow movements over a flat surface
  • movements are restricted by ligaments/ boney prominences
  • e.g carpals
37
Q

pivot joint

A
  • a circular bone fits over a peg of another
  • controlled rotational movement
  • abduction and adduction
  • e.g neck
38
Q

saddle joint

A
  • surfaces are concave and convex
  • base of thumb
  • flexion and extension
  • abduction and adduction
  • e.g thumb
39
Q

joint capsule

A
  • surrounds the whole joint
  • helps with stability
  • protects the joint
40
Q

bursa

A
  • small fluid filled sac
  • cushion between tendons and muscles
  • reduce friction at the joint
  • filled with synovial fluid
41
Q

synovial fluid

A
  • lubricates the joint
  • reduces friction
  • nourishes articular cartilage
42
Q

FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

support and weight bearing

A
  • gives body specific shape
  • clear supporing frameowrk where organs can lie
  • sporting example = people who have a taler skeleton may have an advantage in volley ball
43
Q

protection

A
  • bones surround vital organs
  • sporting exaple = when heading a ball in football the crainum protects the brain
44
Q

blood cell production

A
  • middle of long bones need a supply in order to produce red and white blood cells continually
  • sporting example = good blood supply is good for marathon runners
45
Q

attachment for skeletal muscle

A
  • provide a surface to attach the muscles via tendons
  • sporting example = throwing a ball
46
Q

store minerals

A
  • store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
    • needed for bone growth and healthy bones
  • sporting example = strong bones are good for gymnasts
47
Q

leverage

A
  • bones provide ridgid structure for muscles to pull against
  • tall people=longer levers
  • sporting example = gives tall people an advantage in long jump and throwing

functional anatomy (6 decks)

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