skeletal system unit 4 Flashcards
1
Q
function of periosteum
A
tough outer layer of bone
2
Q
function of bone minerals
A
calcium and phosphorus are stored within the bone and are essential for growth
3
Q
function of bone marrow
A
- found in medullary cavity (middle of the bone )
- red bone marrow= produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
- yellow bone marrow = produces fats and cartilage
4
Q
function of epiphysis
A
- rounded edges of the bone
- where bone make a joint
5
Q
function of growth plates
A
- discs of cartilage at the end of the bone
- where bones increase in length
- once person has stopped growing they fuse to form the epiphyseal line
6
Q
function of the diaphysis
A
central shaft of bone
7
Q
function of cancellous bone
A
- found at the epiphysis (end of bone )
- spongey texture
- provides space for red bone marrow
8
Q
function of compact bone
A
hard tissue surrounding the bone
9
Q
function of articular catrilage
A
- covers the end of bone
- reduces friction
- prevents damage at the joints
10
Q
tuberosity
A
large rounded projection where muscles attach
e.g ulnar tuberosity
11
Q
condyles
A
rounded bump which fits into a fossa on another bone
e.g distal end of femur
12
Q
fossa
A
shallow depression on the surface of the bone which recieves another bone to create a joint
e.g scapula
13
Q
processes
A
raised projection where connective tissue attaches
e.g vertebrae
14
Q
notches
A
v shaped depression at the edge of a flat area
e.g jaw/mandible
15
Q
borders
A
main portion of the bone
e.g long bones such as femur
16
Q
osteoblasts
A
create new bone by increasing the amount of calcium
17
Q
osteoclasts
A
reabsorb old or weakened bone and remove unnecessary calcium
18
Q
osteocytes
A
created from osteoblasts and make up the majority of mature bones
19
Q
osteoporosis
A
- osteoclasts are breaking down bones quicker than they are being replaced causing weak and brittle bones.
- resolves in an uneven ratio of osteoblast and osteoclast production
20
Q
analyse the process of bone growth and remodelling
A
- ossification is the process of the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new
- one of the cells which aid this is osteoblasts which create new bone by increasing the amount of calcium
- the other cells involved are called osteoclasts which reabsorb old/weak bones by removing unneecessay calcium
- the ratio in which these make/destroy bone tissue determines how strong the bones are e.g osteoporosis is a condition related to brittle bones due to ostoeclasts working harder than osteoblasts beaning the bones are being broken down quicker than they are being made
- during exercise, osteoblast activity increases and osteocytes are created from osteoblasts and make up majority of mature bones
- bones grwo from the ends (epiphysis) of long bones were the growth plates are
- essential minerals for bone growth is calcium and phosphorus
21
Q
vertebral column
A
- cervical 7 bones
- thoracic 12 bones
- lumbar 5 bones
- sacrum 5 bones fused
- coccyx 4 bones fused
-33 bones in total
22
Q
axial skeleton
A
- protection of vital organs
- cranium
- vertebral column
- sternum
- ribcage
23
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
- allows movement
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- femur
- tibia etc
24
Q
TYPES OF BONES
long bones
A
- make up limbs
- made from epiphysis(end) and diaphysis (shaft)
- bone marrow in shaft which produces blood cells
- e.g femur
25
short bones
- small, light and strong
- cubed shaped bones
- e.g carpals
26
flat bones
- thin, flattened, slightly curved
- large surface area
- e.g scapula
27
sesamoid bones
- suspended within a tendon
- provide a smooth surface for the bones to slide over
- e.g patella
28
irregular bones
- complex shapes
- e.g vertebral column
29
function of ligaments
- connect bone to bone
- avoid any unwanted movement
- stabalize the joint
- bands of tough fibrous tissue
- avoid hyperflexion and hyperextension
30
JOINTS
fixed joints (fibrous)
- dont allow any movement
- form during childhood
- held together by tough fibrous tissue
- e.g cranium
31
cartilagenous joints
- allows small amounts of movements
- ends of the bone are covered in articular cartilage
- e.g discs in vertebral column
32
synovial joints
- allow sporting movements
- all have articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule and a bursa
33
hinge joints
- allow movements in 1 direction
- flexion and extension (forwards and backwards)
- e.g elbow and knee
34
ball and socket joints
- round edge of bone fits into a cup shaped socket
- allow movements in all directions
- e.g hip and shoulder
35
condyloid joints
- ligaments prevent rotation
- condyle/ bump on one bone sits in the hollow space of another
- allow flexion and extension
- allow abduction and adduction
- e.g wrist
36
gliding joint
- allow movements over a flat surface
- movements are restricted by ligaments/ boney prominences
- e.g carpals
37
pivot joint
- a circular bone fits over a peg of another
- controlled rotational movement
- abduction and adduction
- e.g neck
38
saddle joint
- surfaces are concave and convex
- base of thumb
- flexion and extension
- abduction and adduction
- e.g thumb
39
joint capsule
- surrounds the whole joint
- helps with stability
- protects the joint
40
bursa
- small fluid filled sac
- cushion between tendons and muscles
- reduce friction at the joint
- filled with synovial fluid
41
synovial fluid
- lubricates the joint
- reduces friction
- nourishes articular cartilage
42
FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
support and weight bearing
- gives body specific shape
- clear supporing frameowrk where organs can lie
- sporting example = people who have a taler skeleton may have an advantage in volley ball
43
protection
- bones surround vital organs
- sporting exaple = when heading a ball in football the crainum protects the brain
44
blood cell production
- middle of long bones need a supply in order to produce red and white blood cells continually
- sporting example = good blood supply is good for marathon runners
45
attachment for skeletal muscle
- provide a surface to attach the muscles via tendons
- sporting example = throwing a ball
46
store minerals
- store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
- - needed for bone growth and healthy bones
- sporting example = strong bones are good for gymnasts
47
leverage
- bones provide ridgid structure for muscles to pull against
- tall people=longer levers
- sporting example = gives tall people an advantage in long jump and throwing
