skeletal system unit 4 Flashcards
function of periosteum
tough outer layer of bone
function of bone minerals
calcium and phosphorus are stored within the bone and are essential for growth
function of bone marrow
- found in medullary cavity (middle of the bone )
- red bone marrow= produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
- yellow bone marrow = produces fats and cartilage
function of epiphysis
- rounded edges of the bone
- where bone make a joint
function of growth plates
- discs of cartilage at the end of the bone
- where bones increase in length
- once person has stopped growing they fuse to form the epiphyseal line
function of the diaphysis
central shaft of bone
function of cancellous bone
- found at the epiphysis (end of bone )
- spongey texture
- provides space for red bone marrow
function of compact bone
hard tissue surrounding the bone
function of articular catrilage
- covers the end of bone
- reduces friction
- prevents damage at the joints
tuberosity
large rounded projection where muscles attach
e.g ulnar tuberosity
condyles
rounded bump which fits into a fossa on another bone
e.g distal end of femur
fossa
shallow depression on the surface of the bone which recieves another bone to create a joint
e.g scapula
processes
raised projection where connective tissue attaches
e.g vertebrae
notches
v shaped depression at the edge of a flat area
e.g jaw/mandible
borders
main portion of the bone
e.g long bones such as femur
osteoblasts
create new bone by increasing the amount of calcium
osteoclasts
reabsorb old or weakened bone and remove unnecessary calcium
osteocytes
created from osteoblasts and make up the majority of mature bones
osteoporosis
- osteoclasts are breaking down bones quicker than they are being replaced causing weak and brittle bones.
- resolves in an uneven ratio of osteoblast and osteoclast production
analyse the process of bone growth and remodelling
- ossification is the process of the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new
- one of the cells which aid this is osteoblasts which create new bone by increasing the amount of calcium
- the other cells involved are called osteoclasts which reabsorb old/weak bones by removing unneecessay calcium
- the ratio in which these make/destroy bone tissue determines how strong the bones are e.g osteoporosis is a condition related to brittle bones due to ostoeclasts working harder than osteoblasts beaning the bones are being broken down quicker than they are being made
- during exercise, osteoblast activity increases and osteocytes are created from osteoblasts and make up majority of mature bones
- bones grwo from the ends (epiphysis) of long bones were the growth plates are
- essential minerals for bone growth is calcium and phosphorus
vertebral column
- cervical 7 bones
- thoracic 12 bones
- lumbar 5 bones
- sacrum 5 bones fused
- coccyx 4 bones fused
-33 bones in total
axial skeleton
- protection of vital organs
- cranium
- vertebral column
- sternum
- ribcage
appendicular skeleton
- allows movement
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- femur
- tibia etc
TYPES OF BONES
long bones
- make up limbs
- made from epiphysis(end) and diaphysis (shaft)
- bone marrow in shaft which produces blood cells
- e.g femur
short bones
- small, light and strong
- cubed shaped bones
- e.g carpals
flat bones
- thin, flattened, slightly curved
- large surface area
- e.g scapula
sesamoid bones
- suspended within a tendon
- provide a smooth surface for the bones to slide over
- e.g patella
irregular bones
- complex shapes
- e.g vertebral column
function of ligaments
- connect bone to bone
- avoid any unwanted movement
- stabalize the joint
- bands of tough fibrous tissue
- avoid hyperflexion and hyperextension
JOINTS
fixed joints (fibrous)
- dont allow any movement
- form during childhood
- held together by tough fibrous tissue
- e.g cranium
cartilagenous joints
- allows small amounts of movements
- ends of the bone are covered in articular cartilage
- e.g discs in vertebral column
synovial joints
- allow sporting movements
- all have articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule and a bursa
hinge joints
- allow movements in 1 direction
- flexion and extension (forwards and backwards)
- e.g elbow and knee
ball and socket joints
- round edge of bone fits into a cup shaped socket
- allow movements in all directions
- e.g hip and shoulder
condyloid joints
- ligaments prevent rotation
- condyle/ bump on one bone sits in the hollow space of another
- allow flexion and extension
- allow abduction and adduction
- e.g wrist
gliding joint
- allow movements over a flat surface
- movements are restricted by ligaments/ boney prominences
- e.g carpals
pivot joint
- a circular bone fits over a peg of another
- controlled rotational movement
- abduction and adduction
- e.g neck
saddle joint
- surfaces are concave and convex
- base of thumb
- flexion and extension
- abduction and adduction
- e.g thumb
joint capsule
- surrounds the whole joint
- helps with stability
- protects the joint
bursa
- small fluid filled sac
- cushion between tendons and muscles
- reduce friction at the joint
- filled with synovial fluid
synovial fluid
- lubricates the joint
- reduces friction
- nourishes articular cartilage
FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
support and weight bearing
- gives body specific shape
- clear supporing frameowrk where organs can lie
- sporting example = people who have a taler skeleton may have an advantage in volley ball
protection
- bones surround vital organs
- sporting exaple = when heading a ball in football the crainum protects the brain
blood cell production
- middle of long bones need a supply in order to produce red and white blood cells continually
- sporting example = good blood supply is good for marathon runners
attachment for skeletal muscle
- provide a surface to attach the muscles via tendons
- sporting example = throwing a ball
store minerals
- store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
- needed for bone growth and healthy bones
- sporting example = strong bones are good for gymnasts
leverage
- bones provide ridgid structure for muscles to pull against
- tall people=longer levers
- sporting example = gives tall people an advantage in long jump and throwing
