skeletal system - physical challenges Flashcards
bones
what is a simple fracture?
skin remains intact
what is a compound fracture?
at least one end of broken skin tears through skin, high risk of infection
what is a transverse fracture?
straight fracture across the bone
what is an oblique fracture?
a diagonal fracture straight across the bone
what is a spiral fracture?
one or both halves of the bone are twisted
what is a comminuted fracture?
bone breaks into several small pieces
what is an impacted fracture?
one broken end of the bone is driven into the other broken end
what is an avulsion fracture?
a small piece of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main mass of the bone
what is a fissure fracture?
a crack in the bone
what is a greenstick fracture?
only one side of the bone is broken
what is a depression fracture?
the broken portion is pressed inward
what happens during bone fracture healing?
- Hematoma formation
- Soft callus formation
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodelling
what happens during the hematoma formation of bone healing?
- the localized clotted blood initiate a pro inflammatory reaction
- cell debris cleared by phagocytes
- necrotic bone removed by osteoclasts
what happens during the soft callus formation of bone fracture formation?
- new blood vessels appear
- soft spongy bone formed by osteoblasts
- also fibrous tissue and cartilage forms
=> fibrocartilaginous callus bridges the site of the fracture
what happens during bony callus formation in bone fracture healing?
- soft spongy bone undergoes ossification
-> hardening of callus, starts peripherally, moves progressively to centre of the fracture
what happens during bone remodelling of bone fracture healing?
- excess spongy bone is removed
- spongy bone converted to compact bone
what are the 5 main causes of skeletal disorders/injuries?
- trauma
- nutrition
- cancer
- selective breeding
- lethal congenital skeletal abnormalities
what does BOAS stand for?
brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome
what are clinical signs in dogs with BOAS? (name 5 for 5)
- laboured breathing
- stridor (respiratory noise on inspiration)
- exercise and heat intolerance
- snoring
- difficulty eating, regurgitating and vomiting
- skinfold dermatitis
- misalignment of teeth
- macroglossia (large tongue)
- eye bulb prolapse (extra bit of eye)
what are predispositions for skeletal injuries/disorders?
obesity, age, breed, housing
what are different treatments/therapies for skeletal injuries/disorders?
- surgical treatment
- non surgical treatment (laser therapy
- combination of the two
what are prevention strategies for skeletal injuries/disorders?
- screening using phenotypic criteria to identify affected organisms and exclude these from breeding pool
- commercial DNA available for some diseases
- good housing facilities: stone free soil, mattress > 1cm, litter w straw, keep dry
