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Clinical Anatomy Skeletal System 2 > SKELETAL SYSTEM JOINTS > Flashcards

SKELETAL SYSTEM JOINTS Flashcards

1
Q

What are joints involved in?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Differential growth (stages of life)
  3. Transmission of force (tensile, compressive, torsion)
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2
Q

What are the 3 classification of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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3
Q

What are 3 classes of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmosis
  3. Gomphosis
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4
Q

What is Cartilaginous joint?

A
  1. Articulate bone

2. Two types: Synchondroses (primary cartilginous) and Symphyses (secondary cartilginous)

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5
Q

What are the three classes of Synovial joint?

A
  1. Uniaxial (Hinge, pivot, and plane joint)
  2. Biaxial (condyloid, ellipsoid, and saddle joint)
  3. Multiaxial (Spheroidal joint: ball and socket)
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6
Q

What is fibrous joint?

A
  1. Split into three groups depending on the length of the fibers (Suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis)
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7
Q

What is Sutures in fibrous joint?

A
  1. Bones-connected by dense connective tissue (skull)

2. Non-movable joint in adults (joints are extremely short)

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8
Q

What is Syndesmosis in fibrous joint?

A
  1. Fibrous tissues bind bones

2. Limited movement

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9
Q

What is Gomphosis in fibrous joint?

A
  1. Fibrous tissue anchors a tooth and bone in alveolus

2. Non-movable joint

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10
Q

What is Synchondroses in cartilaginous joint?

A
  1. Bones bound together by hyaline cartilage (gradually fuse together preventing movement)
  2. Centers of ossification appear with cartilage
  3. Temporal joints permit bones to grow
  • Slight bending which is why toddler fall without breaking anything
  • Hip
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11
Q

What is Symphyses in cartilaginous joint?

A
  1. Bones articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage
  2. United by fibrocartilage
  3. Slightly movable
  4. Provide strength, absorption, and flexibility

*ribs

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12
Q

What does Synovial Joints contain?

A
  1. Contains Articular surface, articular capsule, and joint cavity
    * elbow
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13
Q

What is articular surfaces in synovial joints?

A
  1. Lined by articular cartilage

2. Not continuous because a cavity is in the way

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14
Q

What is articular capsule in synovial joints?

A
  1. Fibrous capsule is dense collagenous fibrous tissue
  2. Blends with periosteum
  3. Inside is lined by synovial membrane ()
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15
Q

What is synovial membrane in synovial joints?

A
  1. Vascularized
  2. Smooth and Villous CT present
  3. CT contains elastic fibers, capillaries, nerves, and adipose tissue

*Villous CT-covered by a layer of synovial epithelium that lacks basement membrane

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16
Q

What are the 2 cell types of synovial epithelium in Synovial Joints?

A
  1. Type A- Phagocytic cells; more prominent in the reactive synovium
  2. Type B- Fibroblast like cells secrete hyaluronic acid; Predominate under normal conditions

*Reactive synovium- Falling causes swelling that causes damage to the synovium joint

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17
Q

What is synovial membrane in Synovial Joints?

A
  1. Lines intrarticular ligaments
  2. Does not line intrarticular discs
  3. Secretes and absorbs synovial fluid
18
Q

What is synovial fluid in synovial joints?

A
  1. An ultrafiltrate from synovial capillaries
  2. Highly polymerized hyaluronic acid
  3. Glycoprotein from type B synovial cells
19
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A
  1. Lubrication
  2. Reduce friction
  3. Prevent erosion
  4. Nourishment of articular cartilage through diffusion
20
Q

What occurs when there is irritation in the joints?

A
  1. Causes a reactive change of the synovium (synovial epithelial hyperplasia and neovascularization)
    * Increase in white blood cells in synovial fluid indicate joint disease
21
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  1. Hyperactive/hyperplastic synovial membrane transformed into pannus tissue
  2. Invades cartilage and bone
  3. Symmetrical/ polyarticular joint involvement
  4. Systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue, weight loss, and rash)
  5. Advance stages causes destruction in the joint and tendons

*Starts in synovial fluid, not joint

22
Q

What does stability of synovial joint depend on?

A
  1. Shape of articular surfaces
  2. Number
  3. Position
  4. Strength of the ligaments
23
Q

What is Uniaxial joint?

A
  1. Three types:
    a. Hinge (Flexion-Extension) “ginglymi”
    b. Pivot (Vertical axis rotation) “Trochoid”
    c. Plane (Gliding/sliding) “tight articular capsule”
24
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the body

  • Abduction of toes: To spread digits apart
  • Adduction of toes: To move digits toward median plane
25
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement toward the body

26
Q

What is Biaxial Joints?

A
  1. Has 2 angles but one must be Transverse axis
  • Three types of axis:
    a. Transverse: Flexion/Extension
    b. Sagittal: Abduction/Adduction
    c. Vertical: Rotation
27
Q

What are 3 types of Biaxial joints?

A
  1. Condyloid
  2. Sellar (saddle)
  3. Ellipsoid
28
Q

What is Condyloid joint?

A
  1. A biaxial joint
  2. Articular surface resembles knuckles
  3. Ex: Knee joint (femoral condyle); temporal mandibular joint
29
Q

What is Sellar joint?

A
  1. A biaxial joint known as saddle joint
  2. Articular surface has a convex and concave cavity
  3. Ex: Carpals and metacarpals joint

*Contains Transverse (Flexion/Extension) and Sagittal (Abduction/Adduction) Axis

30
Q

What is Ellipsoid Joint?

A
  1. A biaxial joint
  2. Articular surface has an oval convex and elliptical concave
  3. Contains Transverse and Sagittal axis

*Example: Junction of the radius (wrist)

31
Q

What is Circumduction?

A
  1. When 2 axis are present (Using flexion/extention and abduction/adduction)
  2. Not the same as rotation
32
Q

What is multiaxial joints?

A
  1. Articular surface has a spheroidal and socket/cup shape (ball and socket)
  2. 3 types of axis (transverse, sagittal, and vertical)
33
Q

What is flexion?

A
  1. Decrease in the angle of the articulation bones
34
Q

What is Extension?

A
  1. Increase in the angle of the articulating bones
35
Q

What is Eversion?

A
  1. To move the SOLE of the foot away from the median plane
36
Q

What is Inversion?

A

To move the SOLE of the foot toward the median plane

37
Q

What is Protraction?

A

Forward movement

38
Q

What is Retraction?

A

Backward movement

39
Q

What is Elevation?

A

To move a part upward

40
Q

What is Depression?

A

To move a part downward

41
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

Nerves that supply a given joint also supply the muscles that are part of that given joint (skin also receives its blood supply)

Clinical Anatomy Skeletal System 2 (4 decks)

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