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Clinical Anatomy Skeletal System 2 > SKELETAL SYSTEM CARTILAGE > Flashcards

SKELETAL SYSTEM CARTILAGE Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage?`

A
  1. Special form of Connective Tissue

2. Provides strength and flexibility

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2
Q

What is cartilage lined by?

A
  1. Perichondrium (a layer of dense connective tissue)

* Except for articular cartilage

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3
Q

What cells are part of cartilage?

A
  1. Consist of chondroblasts and chondrocytes
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4
Q

What are chondroblasts in cartilage?

A
  1. Immature cells
  2. Cartilage precursor cells
  3. Undergo 1 or 2 mitotic divisions
  4. Synthesize components of the extracellular matrix during the period of rapid proliferation

*Become chondrocytes as they are enclosed by the ECM that separates them from each other

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5
Q

What are chondrocytes in cartilage?

A
  1. Only cell type in the mature cartilage (on completion of growth)
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6
Q

What is extracellular matrix in cartilage?

A
  1. Known as chondroid
  2. Consist of organic components (fibrous protein, and ground substance) “25%”
  3. Consist of Water (75%)
    4 NO inorganic components
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7
Q

What is subchondral?

A

Are blood vessels below cartilage

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8
Q

What does cartilage lack?

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Lymph vessels
  3. Nerves
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9
Q

What is the repair capacity of cartilage?

A
  1. Poor repair capacity (heals slowly when damaged)

2. Underlying (subchondral) bone and Peripheral synovial membrane repair damage cartilage by vascular tissue

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10
Q

How does cartilage get its nutrients?

A
  1. Diffuse through the matrix

2. Supplied by Synovial fluid; blood vessels in the perichondrium; and subcondral bone

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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12
Q

What is Hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. Most common type of cartilage (glassy appearance)
  2. Forms nearly all fetal skeleton (temporary cartilage)
  3. Type 2 collagen
  4. Basophilic matrix
  5. Chondrocytes arranged in groups
  6. Perichondrium present except in articular cartilage
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13
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Larynx (except for the apex)
  3. Trachea
  4. Bronchi
  5. Coastal cartilage (prone to ossification; lined by periosteum)

*Articular ends of long bones

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14
Q

What are the 2 forms of hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. Epiphyseal plate

2. Articular cartilage (Does not ossify)

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15
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A
  1. One form of hyaline cartilage that has more collagen than other types of hyaline cartilage
  2. Not surrounded by perichondrium or periosteum
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16
Q

What is the function of Articular cartilage?

A
  1. Load distribution

2. Decrease friction

17
Q

What is a tidemark in articular cartilage?

A
  1. A calcified line separating the calcified zone from the upper zone
  2. Represents a plane of weakness
18
Q

What happens when articular cartilage is damaged?

A
  1. Known as superficial laceration
  2. Superficial lacerations do not heal, although some proliferation of chondrocytes may occur
  3. Immobilization of joints leads to atrophy of the articular cartilage
  4. Continuous motion is beneficial to healing
  • Deep laceration- occur below the tidemark and heal with fibrocartilage
  • Blunt trauma causes osteoarthritis
19
Q

What is Elastic Cartilage?

A
  1. Contains type 2 collagen and elastic fibers
  2. Branch extensively in all directions
  3. Gives cartilage the ability to be deform and spring back into shape immediately
  4. Perichondrium present
20
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A
  1. Places where specific shape in needed for maintenance and function
  2. Pinna of ear
  3. Auditory canal
  4. Pharyngotympanic tube
  5. Larynx (Epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform, apex)
21
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A
  1. A combination of dense collagenous fibers and chondrocytes
  2. Lacks perichondrium
  3. Never occurs alone
  4. Merges with adjacent tissue
  5. Type 1 collagen
22
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A
  1. Places that require resistance to compression and shear force
  2. Symphysis pubis
  3. Menisci
  4. Glenoid
  5. Acetabular labra
  6. Temporomandibular
  7. Stenoclavicular
  8. Sacrococcygeal joints
  9. Intervertebral disk
23
Q

What is the extracellular matrix in fibrocartilage?

A
  1. Ground substance (minimal)

2. Fibrous component (Type 1 collagen; parallel fascicles)

24
Q

What is Annulus fibrosus in IV disc?

A
  1. Fibrocartilage near nucleus pulposus
  2. Dense CT along its periphery
  • The outer part of a IV disc
25
Q

What is Nucleus pulposus

A
  1. Scattered rounded cells in a viscous rich Hyaluronic acid

* Nucleus pulposus is the inner core of the vertebral disc

26
Q

What does Thyroxine, testosterone, and somatotropin do to Hyaline Cartilage?

A
  • Stimulates cartilage growth and matrix formation
27
Q

What does Cortisone, hydrocortisone, and estradiol do to Hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Inhibit cartilage growth and matrix formation
28
Q

What does HYPOvitaminosis A do to Hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Reduces width of epiphyseal plate

* defiencency in Vitamin A

29
Q

What does HYPERvitaminosis do to Hyaline Cartilage?

A
  • Accelerates ossificaiton of epiphyseal plate

* Excess amount of Vitamin A

30
Q

What does HYPOvitaminosis C do to hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Inhibits matrix synthesis and deforms architecture of epiphyseal plate
  • Leads to scury
31
Q

What does the absence of Vitamin D do to hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Proliferation of chondrocytes is normal but matrix does not become calcified
  • Results in rickets
32
Q

What is perichondrium?

A
  1. Surrounds cartilage except on articular cartilage and fibrocartilage
  2. Consist of two layers: Outer fibrous layer and cellular (chondrogenic) layer
  3. Contains fibroblasts (produce collagenous fibers)
33
Q

What is the outer fibrous layer in perichondrium?

A
  1. Dense irregular CT

2. Contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers

34
Q

What is the cellular (chondrogenic) layer in perichondrium?

A
  1. Contains blood vessels
  2. Source of chondroblasts
  3. Less prominent after cartilage is full grown
35
Q

What is the function of perichondrium?

A
  • Appositional growth and repair of cartilage
  • cartilage is permanent and is not remodeled like bone
  • damaged cartilage is replace by collagenous scarring

Clinical Anatomy Skeletal System 2 (4 decks)

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