Skeletal System | Heart | Transport System Flashcards
name 3 functions of the human skeleton
- support
- protection
- movement
what 2 main parts does the human skeleton consist out of - name the objects that make up the parts
- axial skeleton- vertebral column, skull & rib cage
* appendicular skeleton- front and hind & upper and lower limbs
name 3 types of support systems in animals
- hydrostatic skeletons
- exoskeletons
- endoskeletons
what is the large opening at the base of our skull called?
foramen magnum
describe the difference between heterodont and homodont
hetero- all teeth aren’t the same abs don’t have same functions
homo - all teeth are same and have same basic structure
what is another word for dental bone
dentine
what are the first 2 cervical vertebrae called?
atlas & axis
remember one important thing about the coccyx
they have no function & is a burden when broken
what 2 layers of muscle is the rib cage covered in
external and internal intercostal muscles
what type of cartilage is the ribs attached to the sternum with
elastic
how many pairs of ribs are true?
7
what is the pectoral girdle
consists of the clavicle and scapula
describe the wrist joint in full detail (3)
- consists of 8 irregular carpal bones
- bones slide over each other
- one of the most flexible joints in the human body
how many phalanges do we have in one hand?
14
what bone forms the ankle knob?
fibula
how many bones does the ankle have
7
how many metatarsal bones and phalanges do we have in our foot
metatarsal - 5
phalanges - 14
what is a joint
where 2 or more bones are joined by cartilage and or ligaments
name the 3 types of joints and huge examples for each
- immovable - sutures between skull bones
- semi-movable ( connected by elastic cartilage ) - ribs / breast bone
- movable/synovial ( connected by ligaments ) - shoulder / elbow
describe synovial joints in full
- joined by ligaments
- in a tough joint capsule
- friction is decreased by synovial fluid
name the 4 types of synovial joints
- ball & socket joint
- hinge joint
- axial joint (atlas rotates around axis)
- sliding joint ( wrist bones slide )
name the 4 types of bone in the skeleton and give examples
- long bone ( humerus / femur ) -> diaphysis (shafts) & epiphyses (heads)
- short bones ( ribs )
- flat bones ( hip / scapula )
- irregular bones ( ossicles )
describe the structure of the long bone
- have a hollow shaft with yellow marrow
- bony part of the shaft consists of compact bone
- head -> spongy bone covered with compact bone
- red marrow is in spongy bone -> production of red blood cells
- BONE IS COVERED WITH = tough connective tissue membrane -> periosteum
how is movement possible
skeleton forms a system of levers, and together with the muscles, connective tissues and cartilage, result in movement
what is a lever
rigid rod that rotates around a specific point
give examples of each lever
- class 1 -> nodding heads
- class 2 -> slowly going on tippy toes
- class 3 -> scratched head
what are antagonistic muscles
muscles that work in pairs. they work together to cause similar but opposite movements -> when one muscle contracts the other relaxes
describe the antagonistic muscles that work whilst bending & stretching your arm
- biceps & triceps
- biceps -> 2 tendon ends attached to pectoral girdle
- triceps -> 3 tendon cells ; 1 at shoulder and 2 on humerus
what are the origins and attachments?
origins -> muscles attached to a point that remains static during movement
attachments-> the end causes the movement
bicep flexor & tricep extensor
describe the whole bending of the arm
skeletal muscles and their myosin and myofibrils
striations abs so forth idk
what type of blood system does vertebrae’s have
closed blood system
what is a “disadvantage” of having a closed blood system?
not all cells can be directly in contact with the blood but this problem is solved by substances diffusing from fine-branched capillary blood vessel
when does the heart in a fetus contract
during the 4th week of pregnancy
what is the space between the lungs where the heart is found called?
the mediastinum
what is the tough connective tissue that the heart is enclosed by called
pericardium
what does the pericardium do and what is its function
- protects the heart
* ligaments attach to the heart via the pericardium to the breastbone, vertebral column & thoracic cavity
what is the thin moist membrane that the pericardium is lined with called
epicardium
how does friction decrease between the pericardium and epicardium?
thin layer of fluid between the layers
what are the heart chambers lined with
layer of thin, smooth cells called the endocardium
describe the flow of blood
- right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle
* left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle
PLEASE GO THRO DIAGRAM OF THE HEART
dankie meisie
what is the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries
- A - transport blood away from the heart
- V - transport blood towards the heart
- C - connect arteries to veins : arteries brunch out to form network of capillary blood vessels where exchange of substances between blood and plasma occur. the caps join to form veins
what are the only 2 valves found in arteries?
- semilunar valve in pulmonary artery
* valves in aorta
describe the walls of the blood vessels
- layer of connective tissue -> OUTSIDE
- smooth muscle tissue -> MIDDLE
- blood vessels are lined by a layer of squamous epithelial cells called the endothelium -> INSIDE
describe how the structures of the blood vessels differ from each other
- A - thick muscular wall w/ high blood pressure
- V - larger lumen w/ valves and lower blood pressure
- C - only have endothelium -> substances only have to diffuse thro here
how long is one full heart cycle?
0,8 seconds
what is it called when the heart contracts?
systole
what happens to the heart during systole and diastole
- During diastole-> atria are filled with blood
- atrial systole-> valves open and allow blood into ventricles
- ventricular systole-> contraction and high pressure causes atrio-ventricular valves to close
what is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue & what does it mean?
automatism ; where the membranes of two cells make contact a pulsing contraction can begin -> amplified as the tissue contains more cells ; ABILITY TO FUNCTION WITHOUT EXTERNAL FORCES
describe what cardiac muscle cells do in the heart
- have ability to raise impulses
- impulses move along pathways made for fast conduction
- impulses switch on motor response = contraction of the heart
what is the most important group of specialized cells in the heart?
- sino-atrial node ( SA node )
- pacemaker
- for heart rhythm
what is the AV node?
describe in full detail
- stimuli from pacemaker flash along arterial node to the septum -> where the 4 chambers connect
- AV node relays impulses to the bundle of His
- bundle of His forms into 2 branches end in fringes ( fibres of Purkinje )
- transfer pulse from SA to AV is of electrical nature at 0,6m.s
what is the purpose of the fibres of Purkinje?
serve the ventricles, provide a nerve network that causes ventricles to contract at the same moment impulse is received
what 4 things are responsible for the spread of impulses?
- SA node
- AV node
- bundle of His
- fibres of Purkinje
where is our heart rate controlled?
in the cardio-vascular control centre in the medulla oblongata
name a couple of things the cardio-vascular centre reacts to in the blood
- adrenalin - hormone secreted by adrenal glad ; make heart beat faster
- low ph - blood has sm CO2 ; beat faster
- too little O2 - heart beats faster
- increased blood pressure - heart rate will drop
- decreased blood pressure - heart rate will increase ; called the Bainbridge reflex
name 2 other ways in which your heart rate can be increased
- sexual excitement😈
* fear and anger😡
describe pulmonary circulation
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary arteries
- lungs
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
describe systemic circulation
- left atrium
- bicuspid valve
- left ventricle
- aorta
- arteries to organs
- organs
- veins
- inferior / superior vena cava
- right atrium
what artery provides the heart muscle with its own blood?
coronary artery -> splits from the aorta ( left & right coronary arteries )
what branch provides the lung tissue with blood and nutrients?
bronchial artery ( also splits from aorta )
what arteries take blood to the:
• head
• kidneys
• intestine, stomach & liver
- carotid
- renal
- cocliac
what 2 blood vessels are responsible for drainage of deoxygenated blood to the heart?
the vena cavae
what 4 veins are responsible for oxygenates blood to flow from the lungs to the heart
4 pulmonary veins
what vein takes blood from the digestive tract to the liver?
hepatic portal vein
what is a portal vein?
vein with a capillary network at both ends
what is varicose veins
when the valves in the veins stop working effectively
the blood accumulates and stagnates
in serious cases it can reverse pressure causing swollen feet
why do people get varicose veins?
jobs that require long periods on their feet
why does varicose veins affect more women then men?
long periods on your feet
like housewives, teachers, doctors and most women acquire those jobs
what is treatment and prevention of varicose veins?
- supper shocking last / surgery
* exercise
what is high blood pressure called and why’s it dangerous?
- hypertension
* cause strokes, heart & kidney failure, congestion of blood vessels that supply brain or heart
discuss what low blood pressure is and why it’s so dangerous
- hypotension
- caused by injury, severe blood loss. slow internal bleeding
- sometimes results of kidney problems abs commonly occurs in adolescents
describe how blood pressure is measured
- doctor exerts pressure on upper arm by using a cuff connected to blood pressure meter
- uses stethoscope to listen to the beat in the brachial artery
- sphygmomanometer measures pressure of each heart beat & pressure between heart beats
explain what cyanosis is
when the septum isn’t fully developed to the bloods mix together causing a blue colour, and the heart has to work harder to provide the body’s needs
name 3 other defects of the heart in a fetus
- abnormal valves
- narrowing of blood vessels
- defective heart chamber development
explain in full detail what will happen if the heart does not get oxygen & nutrient-rich blood
- main cause is atherome, clogging, narrowing & atherosclerosis of vessels
- heart must work harder to pump against the increased pressure
- coronaries are blocked
- can cause heart attack / stroke
what is angina & discuss treatment
blood flow to the heart isn’t sufficient for strenuous activities that cause the heart to beat faster
- meds
- surgery: coronary bypass valve repair or replacement / balloon angioplasty / pacemakers / heart transplants
what are all cells in the body “bathed” in and why
- tissue fluid -> blood plasma that “leaks” from capillaries when 02 & nutrients are brought to the cells
- cells internal environment ; the milieu interieur that must be kept @ constant levels through homeostasis
what is the “leakage” in blood capillaries caused by
- high blood pressure in arteries -> main reason
- ultra fine openings between endothelium cells of the capillaries
- normal diffusion
- osmosis
what is one of the main functions of the lymphatic system?
drain the excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood system
what does the lymphatic system consist of?
discuss in full
tubes ( ducts ) that start to bind with thin tubules, the lymph capillaries into which tissue fluid is drained
capillaries join to form increasingly wider ducts that end in 2 large ducts:
• large thoracic duct that joins the left subclavian vein
• smaller thoracic duct that joins the right subclavian vein
what is the importance of lymph glands?
- lymph vessels run thro lymph glands that filter lymphatic fluid to get rid of foreign organisms
- lymphocytes (white blood cells), produced by lymph glands, engulf pathogens by PHAGOCYTOSIS
- play an important role in immunity
where are lymph glands concentrated?
neck, arm pits & groin
what’s the biggest lymph gland in the body?
the spleen
how is the movement of the lymph brought about?
- movement of the body & internal organs ( peristalsis )
* connection of lymphatic system to subclavian veins
what are medical conditions you can get relating to the lymphatic system?
- oedema -> insufficient drainage of tissue fluid
* elephantiasis -> blockage of lymph vessels
name 7 vitally important functions of the lymphatic system
- drainage of fuses fluid around cells
- removal of plasma proteins around cells
- absorption of fats in small intestine
- destruction of diseases causing organisms
- production of antibodies
- production of lymphocytes ( white blood cells )
