Skeletal System | Heart | Transport System Flashcards
1
Q
name 3 functions of the human skeleton
A
- support
- protection
- movement
2
Q
what 2 main parts does the human skeleton consist out of - name the objects that make up the parts
A
- axial skeleton- vertebral column, skull & rib cage
* appendicular skeleton- front and hind & upper and lower limbs
3
Q
name 3 types of support systems in animals
A
- hydrostatic skeletons
- exoskeletons
- endoskeletons
4
Q
what is the large opening at the base of our skull called?
A
foramen magnum
5
Q
describe the difference between heterodont and homodont
A
hetero- all teeth aren’t the same abs don’t have same functions
homo - all teeth are same and have same basic structure
6
Q
what is another word for dental bone
A
dentine
7
Q
what are the first 2 cervical vertebrae called?
A
atlas & axis
8
Q
remember one important thing about the coccyx
A
they have no function & is a burden when broken
9
Q
what 2 layers of muscle is the rib cage covered in
A
external and internal intercostal muscles
10
Q
what type of cartilage is the ribs attached to the sternum with
A
elastic
11
Q
how many pairs of ribs are true?
A
7
12
Q
what is the pectoral girdle
A
consists of the clavicle and scapula
13
Q
describe the wrist joint in full detail (3)
A
- consists of 8 irregular carpal bones
- bones slide over each other
- one of the most flexible joints in the human body
14
Q
how many phalanges do we have in one hand?
A
14
15
Q
what bone forms the ankle knob?
A
fibula
16
Q
how many bones does the ankle have
A
7
17
Q
how many metatarsal bones and phalanges do we have in our foot
A
metatarsal - 5
phalanges - 14
18
Q
what is a joint
A
where 2 or more bones are joined by cartilage and or ligaments
19
Q
name the 3 types of joints and huge examples for each
A
- immovable - sutures between skull bones
- semi-movable ( connected by elastic cartilage ) - ribs / breast bone
- movable/synovial ( connected by ligaments ) - shoulder / elbow
20
Q
describe synovial joints in full
A
- joined by ligaments
- in a tough joint capsule
- friction is decreased by synovial fluid
21
Q
name the 4 types of synovial joints
A
- ball & socket joint
- hinge joint
- axial joint (atlas rotates around axis)
- sliding joint ( wrist bones slide )
22
Q
name the 4 types of bone in the skeleton and give examples
A
- long bone ( humerus / femur ) -> diaphysis (shafts) & epiphyses (heads)
- short bones ( ribs )
- flat bones ( hip / scapula )
- irregular bones ( ossicles )
23
Q
describe the structure of the long bone
A
- have a hollow shaft with yellow marrow
- bony part of the shaft consists of compact bone
- head -> spongy bone covered with compact bone
- red marrow is in spongy bone -> production of red blood cells
- BONE IS COVERED WITH = tough connective tissue membrane -> periosteum
24
Q
how is movement possible
A
skeleton forms a system of levers, and together with the muscles, connective tissues and cartilage, result in movement
25
what is a lever
rigid rod that rotates around a specific point
26
give examples of each lever
* class 1 -> nodding heads
* class 2 -> slowly going on tippy toes
* class 3 -> scratched head
27
what are antagonistic muscles
muscles that work in pairs. they work together to cause similar but opposite movements -> when one muscle contracts the other relaxes
28
describe the antagonistic muscles that work whilst bending & stretching your arm
* biceps & triceps
* biceps -> 2 tendon ends attached to pectoral girdle
* triceps -> 3 tendon cells ; 1 at shoulder and 2 on humerus
29
what are the origins and attachments?
origins -> muscles attached to a point that remains static during movement
attachments-> the end causes the movement
30
bicep flexor & tricep extensor
describe the whole bending of the arm
31
skeletal muscles and their myosin and myofibrils
striations abs so forth idk
32
what type of blood system does vertebrae’s have
closed blood system
33
what is a “disadvantage” of having a closed blood system?
not all cells can be directly in contact with the blood but this problem is solved by substances diffusing from fine-branched capillary blood vessel
34
when does the heart in a fetus contract
during the 4th week of pregnancy
35
what is the space between the lungs where the heart is found called?
the mediastinum
36
what is the tough connective tissue that the heart is enclosed by called
pericardium
37
what does the pericardium do and what is its function
* protects the heart
| * ligaments attach to the heart via the pericardium to the breastbone, vertebral column & thoracic cavity
38
what is the thin moist membrane that the pericardium is lined with called
epicardium
39
how does friction decrease between the pericardium and epicardium?
thin layer of fluid between the layers
40
what are the heart chambers lined with
layer of thin, smooth cells called the endocardium
41
describe the flow of blood
* right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle
| * left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle
42
PLEASE GO THRO DIAGRAM OF THE HEART
dankie meisie
43
what is the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries
* A - transport blood away from the heart
* V - transport blood towards the heart
* C - connect arteries to veins : arteries brunch out to form network of capillary blood vessels where exchange of substances between blood and plasma occur. the caps join to form veins
44
what are the only 2 valves found in arteries?
* semilunar valve in pulmonary artery
| * valves in aorta
45
describe the walls of the blood vessels
* layer of connective tissue -> OUTSIDE
* smooth muscle tissue -> MIDDLE
* blood vessels are lined by a layer of squamous epithelial cells called the endothelium -> INSIDE
46
describe how the structures of the blood vessels differ from each other
* A - thick muscular wall w/ high blood pressure
* V - larger lumen w/ valves and lower blood pressure
* C - only have endothelium -> substances only have to diffuse thro here
47
how long is one full heart cycle?
0,8 seconds
48
what is it called when the heart contracts?
systole
49
what happens to the heart during systole and diastole
* During diastole-> atria are filled with blood
* atrial systole-> valves open and allow blood into ventricles
* ventricular systole-> contraction and high pressure causes atrio-ventricular valves to close
50
what is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue & what does it mean?
automatism ; where the membranes of two cells make contact a pulsing contraction can begin -> amplified as the tissue contains more cells ; ABILITY TO FUNCTION WITHOUT EXTERNAL FORCES
51
describe what cardiac muscle cells do in the heart
* have ability to raise impulses
* impulses move along pathways made for fast conduction
* impulses switch on motor response = contraction of the heart
52
what is the most important group of specialized cells in the heart?
* sino-atrial node ( SA node )
* pacemaker
* for heart rhythm
53
what is the AV node?
| describe in full detail
* stimuli from pacemaker flash along arterial node to the septum -> where the 4 chambers connect
* AV node relays impulses to the bundle of His
* bundle of His forms into 2 branches end in fringes ( fibres of Purkinje )
* transfer pulse from SA to AV is of electrical nature at 0,6m.s
54
what is the purpose of the fibres of Purkinje?
serve the ventricles, provide a nerve network that causes ventricles to contract at the same moment impulse is received
55
what 4 things are responsible for the spread of impulses?
* SA node
* AV node
* bundle of His
* fibres of Purkinje
56
where is our heart rate controlled?
in the cardio-vascular control centre in the medulla oblongata
57
name a couple of things the cardio-vascular centre reacts to in the blood
* adrenalin - hormone secreted by adrenal glad ; make heart beat faster
* low ph - blood has sm CO2 ; beat faster
* too little O2 - heart beats faster
* increased blood pressure - heart rate will drop
* decreased blood pressure - heart rate will increase ; called the Bainbridge reflex
58
name 2 other ways in which your heart rate can be increased
* sexual excitement😈
| * fear and anger😡
59
describe pulmonary circulation
* right atrium
* tricuspid valve
* right ventricle
* pulmonary artery
* pulmonary arteries
* lungs
* pulmonary veins
* left atrium
60
describe systemic circulation
* left atrium
* bicuspid valve
* left ventricle
* aorta
* arteries to organs
* organs
* veins
* inferior / superior vena cava
* right atrium
61
what artery provides the heart muscle with its own blood?
coronary artery -> splits from the aorta ( left & right coronary arteries )
62
what branch provides the lung tissue with blood and nutrients?
bronchial artery ( also splits from aorta )
63
what arteries take blood to the:
• head
• kidneys
• intestine, stomach & liver
* carotid
* renal
* cocliac
64
what 2 blood vessels are responsible for drainage of deoxygenated blood to the heart?
the vena cavae
65
what 4 veins are responsible for oxygenates blood to flow from the lungs to the heart
4 pulmonary veins
66
what vein takes blood from the digestive tract to the liver?
hepatic portal vein
67
what is a portal vein?
vein with a capillary network at both ends
68
what is varicose veins
when the valves in the veins stop working effectively
the blood accumulates and stagnates
in serious cases it can reverse pressure causing swollen feet
69
why do people get varicose veins?
jobs that require long periods on their feet
70
why does varicose veins affect more women then men?
long periods on your feet
| like housewives, teachers, doctors and most women acquire those jobs
71
what is treatment and prevention of varicose veins?
* supper shocking last / surgery
| * exercise
72
what is high blood pressure called and why’s it dangerous?
* hypertension
| * cause strokes, heart & kidney failure, congestion of blood vessels that supply brain or heart
73
discuss what low blood pressure is and why it’s so dangerous
* hypotension
* caused by injury, severe blood loss. slow internal bleeding
* sometimes results of kidney problems abs commonly occurs in adolescents
74
describe how blood pressure is measured
1. doctor exerts pressure on upper arm by using a cuff connected to blood pressure meter
2. uses stethoscope to listen to the beat in the brachial artery
3. sphygmomanometer measures pressure of each heart beat & pressure between heart beats
75
explain what cyanosis is
when the septum isn’t fully developed to the bloods mix together causing a blue colour, and the heart has to work harder to provide the body’s needs
76
name 3 other defects of the heart in a fetus
* abnormal valves
* narrowing of blood vessels
* defective heart chamber development
77
explain in full detail what will happen if the heart does not get oxygen & nutrient-rich blood
* main cause is atherome, clogging, narrowing & atherosclerosis of vessels
* heart must work harder to pump against the increased pressure
* coronaries are blocked
* can cause heart attack / stroke
78
what is angina & discuss treatment
blood flow to the heart isn’t sufficient for strenuous activities that cause the heart to beat faster
* meds
* surgery: coronary bypass valve repair or replacement / balloon angioplasty / pacemakers / heart transplants
79
what are all cells in the body “bathed” in and why
* tissue fluid -> blood plasma that “leaks” from capillaries when 02 & nutrients are brought to the cells
* cells internal environment ; the milieu interieur that must be kept @ constant levels through homeostasis
80
what is the “leakage” in blood capillaries caused by
* high blood pressure in arteries -> main reason
* ultra fine openings between endothelium cells of the capillaries
* normal diffusion
* osmosis
81
what is one of the main functions of the lymphatic system?
drain the excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood system
82
what does the lymphatic system consist of?
| discuss in full
tubes ( ducts ) that start to bind with thin tubules, the lymph capillaries into which tissue fluid is drained
capillaries join to form increasingly wider ducts that end in 2 large ducts:
• large thoracic duct that joins the left subclavian vein
• smaller thoracic duct that joins the right subclavian vein
83
what is the importance of lymph glands?
* lymph vessels run thro lymph glands that filter lymphatic fluid to get rid of foreign organisms
* lymphocytes (white blood cells), produced by lymph glands, engulf pathogens by PHAGOCYTOSIS
* play an important role in immunity
84
where are lymph glands concentrated?
neck, arm pits & groin
85
what’s the biggest lymph gland in the body?
the spleen
86
how is the movement of the lymph brought about?
* movement of the body & internal organs ( peristalsis )
| * connection of lymphatic system to subclavian veins
87
what are medical conditions you can get relating to the lymphatic system?
* oedema -> insufficient drainage of tissue fluid
| * elephantiasis -> blockage of lymph vessels
88
name 7 vitally important functions of the lymphatic system
* drainage of fuses fluid around cells
* removal of plasma proteins around cells
* absorption of fats in small intestine
* destruction of diseases causing organisms
* production of antibodies
* production of lymphocytes ( white blood cells )
