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Biology Final Exam 2021 > Skeletal System | Heart | Transport System > Flashcards

Skeletal System | Heart | Transport System Flashcards

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1
Q

name 3 functions of the human skeleton

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
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2
Q

what 2 main parts does the human skeleton consist out of - name the objects that make up the parts

A
  • axial skeleton- vertebral column, skull & rib cage

* appendicular skeleton- front and hind & upper and lower limbs

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3
Q

name 3 types of support systems in animals

A
  • hydrostatic skeletons
  • exoskeletons
  • endoskeletons
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4
Q

what is the large opening at the base of our skull called?

A

foramen magnum

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5
Q

describe the difference between heterodont and homodont

A

hetero- all teeth aren’t the same abs don’t have same functions
homo - all teeth are same and have same basic structure

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6
Q

what is another word for dental bone

A

dentine

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7
Q

what are the first 2 cervical vertebrae called?

A

atlas & axis

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8
Q

remember one important thing about the coccyx

A

they have no function & is a burden when broken

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9
Q

what 2 layers of muscle is the rib cage covered in

A

external and internal intercostal muscles

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10
Q

what type of cartilage is the ribs attached to the sternum with

A

elastic

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11
Q

how many pairs of ribs are true?

A

7

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12
Q

what is the pectoral girdle

A

consists of the clavicle and scapula

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13
Q

describe the wrist joint in full detail (3)

A
  • consists of 8 irregular carpal bones
  • bones slide over each other
  • one of the most flexible joints in the human body
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14
Q

how many phalanges do we have in one hand?

A

14

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15
Q

what bone forms the ankle knob?

A

fibula

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16
Q

how many bones does the ankle have

A

7

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17
Q

how many metatarsal bones and phalanges do we have in our foot

A

metatarsal - 5

phalanges - 14

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18
Q

what is a joint

A

where 2 or more bones are joined by cartilage and or ligaments

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19
Q

name the 3 types of joints and huge examples for each

A
  • immovable - sutures between skull bones
  • semi-movable ( connected by elastic cartilage ) - ribs / breast bone
  • movable/synovial ( connected by ligaments ) - shoulder / elbow
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20
Q

describe synovial joints in full

A
  • joined by ligaments
  • in a tough joint capsule
  • friction is decreased by synovial fluid
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21
Q

name the 4 types of synovial joints

A
  • ball & socket joint
  • hinge joint
  • axial joint (atlas rotates around axis)
  • sliding joint ( wrist bones slide )
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22
Q

name the 4 types of bone in the skeleton and give examples

A
  • long bone ( humerus / femur ) -> diaphysis (shafts) & epiphyses (heads)
  • short bones ( ribs )
  • flat bones ( hip / scapula )
  • irregular bones ( ossicles )
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23
Q

describe the structure of the long bone

A
  • have a hollow shaft with yellow marrow
  • bony part of the shaft consists of compact bone
  • head -> spongy bone covered with compact bone
  • red marrow is in spongy bone -> production of red blood cells
  • BONE IS COVERED WITH = tough connective tissue membrane -> periosteum
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24
Q

how is movement possible

A

skeleton forms a system of levers, and together with the muscles, connective tissues and cartilage, result in movement

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25
Q

what is a lever

A

rigid rod that rotates around a specific point

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26
Q

give examples of each lever

A
  • class 1 -> nodding heads
  • class 2 -> slowly going on tippy toes
  • class 3 -> scratched head
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27
Q

what are antagonistic muscles

A

muscles that work in pairs. they work together to cause similar but opposite movements -> when one muscle contracts the other relaxes

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28
Q

describe the antagonistic muscles that work whilst bending & stretching your arm

A
  • biceps & triceps
  • biceps -> 2 tendon ends attached to pectoral girdle
  • triceps -> 3 tendon cells ; 1 at shoulder and 2 on humerus
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29
Q

what are the origins and attachments?

A

origins -> muscles attached to a point that remains static during movement
attachments-> the end causes the movement

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30
Q

bicep flexor & tricep extensor

A

describe the whole bending of the arm

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31
Q

skeletal muscles and their myosin and myofibrils

A

striations abs so forth idk

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32
Q

what type of blood system does vertebrae’s have

A

closed blood system

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33
Q

what is a “disadvantage” of having a closed blood system?

A

not all cells can be directly in contact with the blood but this problem is solved by substances diffusing from fine-branched capillary blood vessel

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34
Q

when does the heart in a fetus contract

A

during the 4th week of pregnancy

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35
Q

what is the space between the lungs where the heart is found called?

A

the mediastinum

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36
Q

what is the tough connective tissue that the heart is enclosed by called

A

pericardium

37
Q

what does the pericardium do and what is its function

A
  • protects the heart

* ligaments attach to the heart via the pericardium to the breastbone, vertebral column & thoracic cavity

38
Q

what is the thin moist membrane that the pericardium is lined with called

A

epicardium

39
Q

how does friction decrease between the pericardium and epicardium?

A

thin layer of fluid between the layers

40
Q

what are the heart chambers lined with

A

layer of thin, smooth cells called the endocardium

41
Q

describe the flow of blood

A
  • right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle

* left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle

42
Q

PLEASE GO THRO DIAGRAM OF THE HEART

A

dankie meisie

43
Q

what is the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries

A
  • A - transport blood away from the heart
  • V - transport blood towards the heart
  • C - connect arteries to veins : arteries brunch out to form network of capillary blood vessels where exchange of substances between blood and plasma occur. the caps join to form veins
44
Q

what are the only 2 valves found in arteries?

A
  • semilunar valve in pulmonary artery

* valves in aorta

45
Q

describe the walls of the blood vessels

A
  • layer of connective tissue -> OUTSIDE
  • smooth muscle tissue -> MIDDLE
  • blood vessels are lined by a layer of squamous epithelial cells called the endothelium -> INSIDE
46
Q

describe how the structures of the blood vessels differ from each other

A
  • A - thick muscular wall w/ high blood pressure
  • V - larger lumen w/ valves and lower blood pressure
  • C - only have endothelium -> substances only have to diffuse thro here
47
Q

how long is one full heart cycle?

A

0,8 seconds

48
Q

what is it called when the heart contracts?

A

systole

49
Q

what happens to the heart during systole and diastole

A
  • During diastole-> atria are filled with blood
  • atrial systole-> valves open and allow blood into ventricles
  • ventricular systole-> contraction and high pressure causes atrio-ventricular valves to close
50
Q

what is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue & what does it mean?

A

automatism ; where the membranes of two cells make contact a pulsing contraction can begin -> amplified as the tissue contains more cells ; ABILITY TO FUNCTION WITHOUT EXTERNAL FORCES

51
Q

describe what cardiac muscle cells do in the heart

A
  • have ability to raise impulses
  • impulses move along pathways made for fast conduction
  • impulses switch on motor response = contraction of the heart
52
Q

what is the most important group of specialized cells in the heart?

A
  • sino-atrial node ( SA node )
  • pacemaker
  • for heart rhythm
53
Q

what is the AV node?

describe in full detail

A
  • stimuli from pacemaker flash along arterial node to the septum -> where the 4 chambers connect
  • AV node relays impulses to the bundle of His
  • bundle of His forms into 2 branches end in fringes ( fibres of Purkinje )
  • transfer pulse from SA to AV is of electrical nature at 0,6m.s
54
Q

what is the purpose of the fibres of Purkinje?

A

serve the ventricles, provide a nerve network that causes ventricles to contract at the same moment impulse is received

55
Q

what 4 things are responsible for the spread of impulses?

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • bundle of His
  • fibres of Purkinje
56
Q

where is our heart rate controlled?

A

in the cardio-vascular control centre in the medulla oblongata

57
Q

name a couple of things the cardio-vascular centre reacts to in the blood

A
  • adrenalin - hormone secreted by adrenal glad ; make heart beat faster
  • low ph - blood has sm CO2 ; beat faster
  • too little O2 - heart beats faster
  • increased blood pressure - heart rate will drop
  • decreased blood pressure - heart rate will increase ; called the Bainbridge reflex
58
Q

name 2 other ways in which your heart rate can be increased

A
  • sexual excitement😈

* fear and anger😡

59
Q

describe pulmonary circulation

A
  • right atrium
  • tricuspid valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary arteries
  • lungs
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
60
Q

describe systemic circulation

A
  • left atrium
  • bicuspid valve
  • left ventricle
  • aorta
  • arteries to organs
  • organs
  • veins
  • inferior / superior vena cava
  • right atrium
61
Q

what artery provides the heart muscle with its own blood?

A

coronary artery -> splits from the aorta ( left & right coronary arteries )

62
Q

what branch provides the lung tissue with blood and nutrients?

A

bronchial artery ( also splits from aorta )

63
Q

what arteries take blood to the:
• head
• kidneys
• intestine, stomach & liver

A
  • carotid
  • renal
  • cocliac
64
Q

what 2 blood vessels are responsible for drainage of deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

the vena cavae

65
Q

what 4 veins are responsible for oxygenates blood to flow from the lungs to the heart

A

4 pulmonary veins

66
Q

what vein takes blood from the digestive tract to the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

67
Q

what is a portal vein?

A

vein with a capillary network at both ends

68
Q

what is varicose veins

A

when the valves in the veins stop working effectively
the blood accumulates and stagnates
in serious cases it can reverse pressure causing swollen feet

69
Q

why do people get varicose veins?

A

jobs that require long periods on their feet

70
Q

why does varicose veins affect more women then men?

A

long periods on your feet

like housewives, teachers, doctors and most women acquire those jobs

71
Q

what is treatment and prevention of varicose veins?

A
  • supper shocking last / surgery

* exercise

72
Q

what is high blood pressure called and why’s it dangerous?

A
  • hypertension

* cause strokes, heart & kidney failure, congestion of blood vessels that supply brain or heart

73
Q

discuss what low blood pressure is and why it’s so dangerous

A
  • hypotension
  • caused by injury, severe blood loss. slow internal bleeding
  • sometimes results of kidney problems abs commonly occurs in adolescents
74
Q

describe how blood pressure is measured

A
  1. doctor exerts pressure on upper arm by using a cuff connected to blood pressure meter
  2. uses stethoscope to listen to the beat in the brachial artery
  3. sphygmomanometer measures pressure of each heart beat & pressure between heart beats
75
Q

explain what cyanosis is

A

when the septum isn’t fully developed to the bloods mix together causing a blue colour, and the heart has to work harder to provide the body’s needs

76
Q

name 3 other defects of the heart in a fetus

A
  • abnormal valves
  • narrowing of blood vessels
  • defective heart chamber development
77
Q

explain in full detail what will happen if the heart does not get oxygen & nutrient-rich blood

A
  • main cause is atherome, clogging, narrowing & atherosclerosis of vessels
  • heart must work harder to pump against the increased pressure
  • coronaries are blocked
  • can cause heart attack / stroke
78
Q

what is angina & discuss treatment

A

blood flow to the heart isn’t sufficient for strenuous activities that cause the heart to beat faster

  • meds
  • surgery: coronary bypass valve repair or replacement / balloon angioplasty / pacemakers / heart transplants
79
Q

what are all cells in the body “bathed” in and why

A
  • tissue fluid -> blood plasma that “leaks” from capillaries when 02 & nutrients are brought to the cells
  • cells internal environment ; the milieu interieur that must be kept @ constant levels through homeostasis
80
Q

what is the “leakage” in blood capillaries caused by

A
  • high blood pressure in arteries -> main reason
  • ultra fine openings between endothelium cells of the capillaries
  • normal diffusion
  • osmosis
81
Q

what is one of the main functions of the lymphatic system?

A

drain the excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood system

82
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of?

discuss in full

A

tubes ( ducts ) that start to bind with thin tubules, the lymph capillaries into which tissue fluid is drained

capillaries join to form increasingly wider ducts that end in 2 large ducts:
• large thoracic duct that joins the left subclavian vein
• smaller thoracic duct that joins the right subclavian vein

83
Q

what is the importance of lymph glands?

A
  • lymph vessels run thro lymph glands that filter lymphatic fluid to get rid of foreign organisms
  • lymphocytes (white blood cells), produced by lymph glands, engulf pathogens by PHAGOCYTOSIS
  • play an important role in immunity
84
Q

where are lymph glands concentrated?

A

neck, arm pits & groin

85
Q

what’s the biggest lymph gland in the body?

A

the spleen

86
Q

how is the movement of the lymph brought about?

A
  • movement of the body & internal organs ( peristalsis )

* connection of lymphatic system to subclavian veins

87
Q

what are medical conditions you can get relating to the lymphatic system?

A
  • oedema -> insufficient drainage of tissue fluid

* elephantiasis -> blockage of lymph vessels

88
Q

name 7 vitally important functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • drainage of fuses fluid around cells
  • removal of plasma proteins around cells
  • absorption of fats in small intestine
  • destruction of diseases causing organisms
  • production of antibodies
  • production of lymphocytes ( white blood cells )

Biology Final Exam 2021 (3 decks)

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