Skeletal System (bones, cartilage, ligaments)

Question 1

newborns vs adult bones

Answer 1

newborns = 300+
adults = 206

Question 2

major functions

Answer 2

-support, movement, protection of vital
-organs/tissues, mineral homeostasis (esp. calcium)
-bones constantly undergo remodeling (organic/mineral components constantly renew/recycle through the activity of bone cells)

Question 3

appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

-bones of the limbs, pectora (shoulder), pelvic girdles
-provides internal support, positioning of the limbs, supports/ moves the axial skeleton
- long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Question 3

Axial skeleton

Answer 3

80 upright, central supporting
-skull, vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, sternum
-protects brain, spinal cord, soft tissue in thoracic cavity
-supports body weight over lower limbs

Question 4

long bones

Answer 4

(ie femur, humerus)
-longer than wide
-work like levers to move limbs

Question 5

short bones

Answer 5

ie carpal bones of wrist, tarsal bones of ankle
-cube shaped

Question 6

flat bones

Answer 6

ie skull, ribs, sternum
-thin, flat, often curved
-shoulder blades are the largest surface are for muscle attachment

Question 7

irregular bones

Answer 7

ie vertebrae, facial bones
-various sizes + shapes

Question 8

sesamoid bones

Answer 8

kneecaps = patella
-small bones in tendons

Question 9

cortical/compact bone tissue

Answer 9

-shaft of bones + outer surfaces
-forms the dense protective outer layer
-made up of calcium/phosphorus
-covered by a thick fibrous membrane = periosteum
-nerves + blood vessels
-layers of matrix (lamellae) around central canal (haversian osteonic canal)

Question 10

cancellous/spongy bone tissue

Answer 10

-latticework - trabeculae = adds strength with no weight
-interior, porous network that may contain bone marrow
-ends of long bones +middle of other
-always surrounded by more durable compact bone

Question 11

cartilage

Answer 11

-connective tissue; attached to some bones; covers surfaces of some bones within joints

Question 12

avascular cartilage

Answer 12

-lack of blood cells = limited capacity to repair itself
-main tissue in nose, ears, windpipe

Question 13

hyaline cartilage (articular)

Answer 13

-fine collagen fibres
-caps ends of bone; covers bone surfaces
-most common cartilage
-lines joints, between ribs, nasal passageways
-shock absorbing properties

Question 14

elastic cartilage (elastic fibres)

Answer 14

-most flexible
-supports body parts that need to bend/move to function
-external ears, eustachian tubes (carries sound in), larynx (voice box), tip of the nose

Question 15

fibrocartilage (fibroelastic)

Answer 15

-interwoven collagen fibers
-tough cartilage made of thick fibers, durable
-strongest + least flexible
-can hold parts of body in place + absorbs impacts
-meniscus in knee, disk between vertebrae/spine, supporting muscles, tendons, ligaments

Question 16

joints

Answer 16

fibrous connective tissue that connect/articulate bones

Question 17

fibrous joint (synarthroses)

Answer 17

-joins bones together
-when collagen fibers from one bone penetrate the adjacent = anchors in place
-ie skull

Question 18

cartilaginous joint (amphiarthroses)

Answer 18

-slightly moveable
-joined by cartilage +/- fibrous tissue
-fibrocartilaginous pods (intervertibral discs) between each vertebrae
-2 pubic bones are joined by cartilage - symphysis pubis

Question 19

synovial joints (diarthroses)

Answer 19

-freely moveable
-bones joined by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and a capsule with articular cartilage covering opposing surfaces
joint capsule - synovial membrane - joint cavity - articular cartilage - ligaments

Question 20

types of diarthroses

Answer 20

-ball-and-socket (hip, shoulder)
-pivot joint; hinge joint (finger, knee, toes)
-saddle joint (only thumbs)
-condyloid joint (articulation of the distal end of radius - carpal bones of wrist/ joints at base of fingers
-gliding joint (tarsal bones at ankle and wrist, articular process of vertebrae

Question 21

ligaments

Answer 21

-surround + bind joints, strengthen, stabilize = allows for range of motion / connect bones
-tough fibrous bands made of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers that enable ligaments to stretch

Question 22

collagen

Answer 22

strong fibrous insoluble protein with connective tissues)

Question 23

surgical procedures

Answer 23

-arthroscopy: view inside joint cavity
-meniscectomy: removal of meniscus (cartilage pad in knee joint)
-ORIF
-TKA
-THA