Skeletal System (bones, cartilage, ligaments) Flashcards
newborns vs adult bones
newborns = 300+
adults = 206
major functions
-support, movement, protection of vital
-organs/tissues, mineral homeostasis (esp. calcium)
-bones constantly undergo remodeling (organic/mineral components constantly renew/recycle through the activity of bone cells)
appendicular skeleton
-bones of the limbs, pectora (shoulder), pelvic girdles
-provides internal support, positioning of the limbs, supports/ moves the axial skeleton
- long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Axial skeleton
80 upright, central supporting
-skull, vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, sternum
-protects brain, spinal cord, soft tissue in thoracic cavity
-supports body weight over lower limbs
long bones
(ie femur, humerus)
-longer than wide
-work like levers to move limbs
short bones
ie carpal bones of wrist, tarsal bones of ankle
-cube shaped
flat bones
ie skull, ribs, sternum
-thin, flat, often curved
-shoulder blades are the largest surface are for muscle attachment
irregular bones
ie vertebrae, facial bones
-various sizes + shapes
sesamoid bones
kneecaps = patella
-small bones in tendons
cortical/compact bone tissue
-shaft of bones + outer surfaces
-forms the dense protective outer layer
-made up of calcium/phosphorus
-covered by a thick fibrous membrane = periosteum
-nerves + blood vessels
-layers of matrix (lamellae) around central canal (haversian osteonic canal)
cancellous/spongy bone tissue
-latticework - trabeculae = adds strength with no weight
-interior, porous network that may contain bone marrow
-ends of long bones +middle of other
-always surrounded by more durable compact bone
cartilage
-connective tissue; attached to some bones; covers surfaces of some bones within joints
avascular cartilage
-lack of blood cells = limited capacity to repair itself
-main tissue in nose, ears, windpipe
hyaline cartilage (articular)
-fine collagen fibres
-caps ends of bone; covers bone surfaces
-most common cartilage
-lines joints, between ribs, nasal passageways
-shock absorbing properties
elastic cartilage (elastic fibres)
-most flexible
-supports body parts that need to bend/move to function
-external ears, eustachian tubes (carries sound in), larynx (voice box), tip of the nose
fibrocartilage (fibroelastic)
-interwoven collagen fibers
-tough cartilage made of thick fibers, durable
-strongest + least flexible
-can hold parts of body in place + absorbs impacts
-meniscus in knee, disk between vertebrae/spine, supporting muscles, tendons, ligaments
joints
fibrous connective tissue that connect/articulate bones
fibrous joint (synarthroses)
-joins bones together
-when collagen fibers from one bone penetrate the adjacent = anchors in place
-ie skull
cartilaginous joint (amphiarthroses)
-slightly moveable
-joined by cartilage +/- fibrous tissue
-fibrocartilaginous pods (intervertibral discs) between each vertebrae
-2 pubic bones are joined by cartilage - symphysis pubis
synovial joints (diarthroses)
-freely moveable
-bones joined by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and a capsule with articular cartilage covering opposing surfaces
joint capsule - synovial membrane - joint cavity - articular cartilage - ligaments
types of diarthroses
-ball-and-socket (hip, shoulder)
-pivot joint; hinge joint (finger, knee, toes)
-saddle joint (only thumbs)
-condyloid joint (articulation of the distal end of radius - carpal bones of wrist/ joints at base of fingers
-gliding joint (tarsal bones at ankle and wrist, articular process of vertebrae
ligaments
-surround + bind joints, strengthen, stabilize = allows for range of motion / connect bones
-tough fibrous bands made of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers that enable ligaments to stretch
collagen
strong fibrous insoluble protein with connective tissues)
surgical procedures
-arthroscopy: view inside joint cavity
-meniscectomy: removal of meniscus (cartilage pad in knee joint)
-ORIF
-TKA
-THA
