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Human Bioscience > Skeletal System: Bones > Flashcards

Skeletal System: Bones Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the human skeleton

A

206

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2
Q

Two groups of human skeleton

A

Axial skeleton - long axis of the body, skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Appendicular skeleton - bones of upper and lower limbs, girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

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3
Q

The skull

A

Cranial bones (cranium)

  • enclose the brain in the cranial cavity
  • provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles

Facial bones

  • form framework of face
  • contains cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste and smell
  • provide openings for air and food passage
  • secure teeth
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4
Q

The Vertebral Column

A
  • five major regions
  • cervical: Consists of 7 vertebrae
  • Thoracic: 12 vertebrae
  • Lumbar: 5 vertebrae
  • Sacrum: one bone, formed from fusions of several bones articulates with hip
  • Coccyx: also fused bones that form terminus column
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5
Q

General structure of vertebrae

A
  • all have common structural pattern consisting of:
  • body
  • vertebral foramen
  • vertebral canal
  • intervertebral foramina
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6
Q

The vertebral column

A

Ligaments:

  • anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
  • ligamentum flavum
  • intervertebral discs
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7
Q

Thoracic cage

A

composed of

  • thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
  • Sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
  • ribs laterally

Functions:
- protects vital organs of thoracic cavity
- supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
provides attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders

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8
Q

Ribs

A

main part of rib:

  • shaft: flat bone that makes up most of rib
  • costal groove: houses nerves and vessels
  • head (posterior end)
  • articulates with facets (demifacets) on bodies of two adjacent vertebrae
  • neck: constricted portion beyond head
  • tubercle: knoblike structure lateral to neck
  • articulated posteriorly with transverse costal facet of same-numbered thoracic vertebra
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9
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of bones of the limbs and their girdles

  • pectoral girdle: attached upper limbs to body trunk
  • pelvic girdle: attaches lower limbs to body trunk
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10
Q

Clavicles

A
  • also called collarbones
  • s-shaped sternal end articulated with sternum medially
  • flattened acromial end articulates laterally with scapula
  • anchor muscles and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally
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11
Q

Scapulae

A
  • triangular flat bones on dorsal surface of rib cage between ribs 2 and 7
  • each scapula has three borders
  • superior
  • medial
  • lateral
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12
Q

Female Pelvic structure

A

gen structure and functional modifications: tilted forward, adapted for childbearing; true pelvic defines the birth canal: cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow and has a greater capacity

Bone thickness: less, lighter, thinner and smoother

Acetabula: smaller, further apart

Pubic arch/subpubic angle: Broader (80-90 degrees,) rounded

sccrum: wider, shorter, sacral curvature is accentuated
coccyx: more moveable, projects inferiorly

Greater siatic notch: wide and shallow

pelvic inlet (brim): wider, oval from side to side

pelvic outlet: wider, ischial tuberosities, shorter, farther apart and everted

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13
Q

Male pelvic structure

A

gen structure and functional modications: tilted less forward, adapted for support of male heavier build and stronger muscles, cavity of the true pelvis is narrow and deep

Bone thickness: greater, bones heavier, thicker and markings are more prominent

Acetabula: large, closer

Pubic arch: acute (50-60)

sacrum: narrow, longer, sacral promontory more ventral
coccyx: less moveable, projects anteriorly

Greater sciatic notch: narrow and deep

pelvic inlet (brim): narrow, heart shaped

pelvic outlet: narrower, ischial tuberosities longer, sharper and point more medially

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14
Q

The upper limb

A
  • 30 bones from skeletal framework of each upper limb
  • arm, humerus
  • forearm, radius, ulna
  • hand, 8 carpal bones in the wrist, 5 metacarpal bones in the palm, 14 phalanges in the fingers
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15
Q

Forearm

A
  • two parallel bones from forearm skeleton: ulna and radius
  • proximal ends articulate with humerus and each other
  • distally articulate with each other at the radioulnar joint
  • interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna along their entire length
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16
Q

Hand

A
  • Bones of the hand include carpus, metacarpus and phalanges
  • carpus (wrist): eight bones in two rows
  • proximal row: lateral to medial
  • scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisform
  • distal row, lateral to medial
  • trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
  • only scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum form wrist joint
17
Q

The lower limb

A
  • carries entire weight of the body
  • subjected to exceptional forces during jumping or running
  • three segments of lower limb
  • thigh
  • leg
  • foot
18
Q

leg

A
  • made up of two parallel bones, tibia, fibula
  • connected bu interosseous membrane
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • several muscles originate from fibula
19
Q

Foot

A
  • skeleton of foot includes bones of tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges
  • tarsus: (7)
  • Metatarsals (5)
  • Phalanges (14)
20
Q

Bone classification

A

Bones are organs because they contain different types of tissues
* Bone (osseous) tissue predominates, but a bone also has a nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle cells, and epithelial cells in its blood vessels

21
Q

Three levels of structure of bone classification

A

Gross
Microscopic
Chemical

22
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Compact and spongy bone
Compact bone: dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
Spongy bone: made up of honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae
Open spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow

23
Q

Osteon

A

single unit of compact bone

24
Q

spongy bone

A

Appears less organised than compact bone

Align precisely along lines of stress to allow bone to resist stress

25
Q

Bone shapes

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Cube-shaped bones
Sesamoid bones 
Flat bones
Irregular bones
26
Q

Structure of short, irregular and flat bones

A

Consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone
Compact bone sandwiched between connective tissue membranes
Periosteum covers outside of compact bone
Endosteum covers inside portion of compact bone
Bone marrow is scattered throughout spongy bone; no defined marrow cavity
Hyaline cartilage covers area of bone that is part of a movable joint

27
Q

gross anatomy

A 
A layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone.
Periosteum 
covers outside of compact bone
Endosteum 
covers inside portion of compact bone
28
Q

structure of typical long bone

A 
All long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses), and membranes
Diaphysis 
Epiphyses
Membranes
- Periosteum
- Endosteum
29
Q

Bone markings

A

Indicate Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
Areas involved in joint formation or conduits for blood vessels and nerves

30
Q

Types of bone markings

A

Projection
Depression
Opening

31
Q

Chemical composition of bone

A

Bone is made up of both organic and inorganic components

32
Q

organic components of bone

A
  • Includes bones cells (next few slides) and osteoid
  • Osteoid, which makes up one-third of organic bone matrix, is secreted by osteoblasts
  • Consists of ground substance and collagen fibers, which contribute to high tensile strength and flexibility of bone
33
Q

Microscopic anatomy of bone

A

Cells of bone tissue have five major cell types, each of which is a specialised form of the same basic cell type:

  1. Osteogenic cell
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
  5. Bone-lining cells
34
Q

osteogenic cell

A

stem cell

35
Q

osteoblast

A

matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth

36
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralised bone matrix

37
Q

osteoclast

A

Bone-resorbing cell

Human Bioscience (4 decks)

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