Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
The bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body.
A
Axial skeleton
2
Q
The bones of the limbs and girdles.
A
Appendicular skeleton
3
Q
System that includes the joints, cartilages, and ligaments
A
Skeletal system
4
Q
A dense and smooth bone, that is homogeneous.
A
Compact bone
5
Q
A bone composed of small needle-like pieces of bone and lots of open space.
A
Spongy bone
6
Q
Bones that are typically longer than they are wide.
A
Long bones
7
Q
A generally cube-shaped bone that is typically mostly sponge bone
A
Short bones
8
Q
Thin, flattened bones that are usually curved. Two thin layers of compact bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone.
A
Flat bones
9
Q
Bones that do not fit into any one of the 3 main categories. The vertebrae and hip bones fall into this category.
A
Irregular bones
10
Q
This makes up most of the bone’s length and is composed of compact bone. Also called the shaft.
A
The diaphysis
11
Q
A fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers and protects the diaphysis.
A
The periosteum
12
Q
This secures the periosteum to the underlying bone.
A
Sharpey’s fibers, or perforating
13
Q
The ends of the long bones that consist of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone.
A
The epiphyses
14
Q
This covers the external surface. It is glassy hyaline cartilage and provides a slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces.
A
Articular cartilage
15
Q
In adult bones, there is a thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks a bit different from the rest of the bone in that area.
A
Epiphyseal line
16
Q
Seen in a young, growing bone, these cause the lengthwise growth of a long bone.
A
Epiphyseal plate
17
Q
The cavity of the shaft is primarily a storage area for adipose (fat) tissue.
A
Yellow marrow, or medullary cavity
18
Q
In adults, this is confined to the cavities of the spongy bone of flat bones and the epiphysis of some long bones.
A
Red marrow
19
Q
The bumps, holes, and ridges of the bones.
A
Bone markings
20
Q
Mature bone cells
A
Osteocytes
21
Q
Tiny cavities within the matrix
A
Lacunae
22
Q
The lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called
A
Lamellae
23
Q
The lamellae are around these
A
Central (Haversian) canals
24
Q
Each complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings is called
A
Osteon, or Haversian system
25
These are tiny canals
Canaliculi
26
The communication pathway fro the outside of the bone to its interior is completed by
Perforating (Volkmann's) canals
27
Large, rounded projection; may be roughened
Tuberosity
28
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Crest
29
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process.
Trochanter
30
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Line
31
Small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
32
Raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
33
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection.
Spine
34
Any bone prominence.
Process
35
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
Head
36
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.
Facet
37
Rounded articular projection.
Condyle
38
Armlike bar of bone.
Ramus
39
Canal-like passageway
Meatus
40
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane.
Sinus
41
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface.
Fossa
42
Furrow.
Groove
43
Narrow, slitlike opening.
Fissure
44
Round or oval opening through a bone.
Foramen
45
The process of bone formation.
Ossification
46
Bone-forming cells.
Osteoblasts
47
Bone breaks into many fragments.
Comminuted
48
Bone is crushed.
Compression
49
Broken bone portion is pressed inward.
Depression
50
Broken bone ends are forced into each other.
Impacted
51
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.
Spiral
52
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks.
Greenstick
53
These are giant bone-destroying cells in bones, that break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood.
Osteoclasts
54
This is essential if bones are to retain normal proportions and strength during long-bone growth as the body increases in size and weight.
Bone remodeling
55
Breaks in the bone.
Fractures
56
Blood-filled swelling form when a bone breaks.
Hematoma
57
A mass of repair tissue.
Fibrocartilage callus
58
The fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by one made of spongy bone when a bone fractures is called a
Bony callus
59
This encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue.
Cranium
60
This holds the eyes in an anterior position and allow the facial muscles to show our feelings through smiles and frowns.
Facial bones
61
This forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye's orbit.
Frontal bone
62
A canal that leads to the eardrum and the middle ear.
External acoustic meatus
63
A sharp, needle-like projection that is just inferior to the external auditory meatus.
Styloid process
64
A thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone anteriorly.
Zygomatic process
65
A rough projection posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus.
Mastoid process
66
This allows passage of the jugular vein which drains the brain.
Jugular foramen
67
This transmits cranial nerves VII and VIII.
Internal acoustic meatus
68
The most posterior bone of the cranium.
Occipital bone
69
The area where the occipital bone joins the parietal bone anteriorly.
Lambdoid structure
70
A large opening at the base of the occipital bone.
Foramen magnum
71
The butterfly-shaped sphenoid bone that spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity.
Sphenoid bone
72
A small depression in the midline of the sphenoid.
Sella turcica
73
A large oval opening in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica allows fibers of cranial nerve V to pass the chewing muscles of the lower jaw.
Foramen ovale
74
Opening which allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye.
Optic canal
75
A slitlike opening through which the cranial nerves controlling eye movements pass.
Superior orbital fissure
76
A very irregularly shaped and lies anterior to the sphenoid. It forms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits.
Ethmoid bone
77
Projecting from the superior surface of the ethmoid bone is the
Crista galli
78
On each side of the crista galli are many small holes called
Cribriform plates
79
These are extensions of the ethmoid bone.
The superior and middle nasal conchae
80
These fuse to form the upper jaw.
Maxillary bones
81
The upper teeth are carried by the maxillae in the
Alveolar margin
82
These extensions of the maxillae form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth.
Palatine processes
83
The maxillae contain these that drain into the nasal passages.
Sinuses
84
These surround the nasal cavity, lighten the skull bones, and act to amplify the sounds we make as we speak.
Paranasal sinuses
85
These lie posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae and form the posterior part of the hard palate.
Palatine bones
86
Commonly referred to as the cheekbones. They form a good-sized portion of the lateral walls of the orbits, or eye sockets.
Zygomatic bones
87
Fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial walls of each orbit. Each of these has a groove that serves as a passageway for tears.
Lacrimal bones
88
The small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose.
Nasal bones
89
The single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity.
Vomer bone
90
Thin, curved bones projecting from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Inferior nasal conchae
91
The lower jaw.
Mandible
92
This bone does not articulate directly with any other bone. It is suspended in the mid-neck region about 2 cm above the larynx.
Hyoid bone
93
Fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones in a fetal skull.
Fontanels
94
The axial support of the body.
Vertebral column, or spine
95
Before birth, there are 33 of these. But eventually, 9 of these will fuse together to form the sacrum and the coccyx.
Vertebrae
96
Single vertebrae are separated by pads of flexible fibrocartilage.
Intervertebral discs
97
The spinal curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions are referred to as the
Primary curvatures
98
This curvature develops sometime after birth.
Secondary curvatures
99
Common meal times to remember the number of vertebrae in the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar regions.
7 a.m.-----12 p.m.------5 p.m.
100
Abnormal spinal curvatures
Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis
101
Disclike, weight-bearing part of the vertebrae facing anteriorly in the vertebral column.
Centrum or body
102
Arch formed from the joining of all posterior extensions, the laminae and pedicles, from the vertebral body.
Vertebral arch
103
Canal through which the spinal cord passes.
Vertebral foramen
104
Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch.
Transverse processes
105
Single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch.
Spinous process
106
Paired projections lateral to the vertebrae foramen, allowing a vertebrae to form joints with adjacent vertebrae.
Superior and inferior articular processes
107
These 7 vertebrae form the neck region of the spine.
Cervical vertebrae
108
This has no body. Its superior surfaces of its transverse processes contain large depressions that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. This allows you to nod yes. It is C1.
Atlas
109
This acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas (and skull) above. It is C2.
Axis
110
The section of the spine consisting of 12 vertebrae.
Thoracic vertebrae
111
This lower section of vertebrae has 5 vertebrae in it.
Lumbar vertebrae
112
This is formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. It connects superiorly with L5, and inferiorly with the coccyx.
Sacrum
113
The winglike ____ articulate laterally with the hip bones, forming the sacroiliac joints.
alae
114
The fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae. This roughens the posterior midline surface of the sacrum.
Median sacral crest
115
A large inferior opening that the vertebral canal terminates in the sacrum.
Sacral hiatus
116
The vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum through this.
Sacral canal
117
This is formed from the fusion of 3 to 5 tiny, irregularly shaped vertebrae. "Tailbone"
Coccyx
118
The sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae make this up.
Bony thorax
119
The bony thorax is often called this.
Thoracic cage
120
A typically flat bone and the result of the fusion of three bones.
Sternum
121
Three fused bones that make up the sternum.
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
122
Concave upper border of the manubrium.
Jugular notch
123
Where the manubrium and body meet at a slight angle to each other.
Sternal angle
124
The point where the sternal body and xiphoid process fuse. Lies at the level of the ninth thoracic vertebrae
Xiphisternal joint
125
These form the walls of the bony thorax. There are 12 pairs.
Ribs
126
Do males have one less rib than females?
NO
127
The first 7 pairs of ribs in the body, which attach directly to the sternum.
True ribs
128
The last 5 pairs of ribs, which either attach indirectly to the sternum or not at all.
False ribs
129
The last two pairs of ribs which lack sternal attachments.
Floating ribs
130
The clavicle and scapula make up this.
Shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle
131
A slender, doubly curved bone. It attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and to the scapula laterally.
Clavicle
132
Triangular and are commonly called wings because they flare when we move our arms posteriorly.
Scapulae
133
An enlarged end of the spine of the scapula.
Acromion
134
Beaklike piece of the scapula.
Coracoid process
135
The acromion connects with the clavicle laterally at this joint.
Acromioclavicular joint
136
Medial to the coracoid process is this large notch. This serves as a nerve passageway.
Suprascapular notch
137
A shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone.
Glenoid cavity
138
The arm is formed by a single, long bone.
Humerus
139
Opposite the head of the humerus are two bony projections. These are the
Greater and Lesser tubercles
140
In the midpoint of the shaft is a roughened area where the fleshy deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches.
Deltoid tuberosity
141
These run obliquely down the posterior aspect of the shaft. It marks the course of the radial nerve.
Radial groove
142
This is at the distal end of the humerus and looks somewhat like a spool.
Trochlea
143
The lateral ball-like structure at the distal end of the humerus.
Capitulum
144
Above the trochlea anteriorly is a depression called the.
Coronoid fossa
145
Above the trochlea posteriorly is a depression called the.
Olecranon fossa
146
The two bones that form the forearm.
Ulna and Radius
147
The lateral bone, more towards the thumb, located in the forearm.
Radius
148
Both proximally and distally the radius and ulna articulate at small joints called.
Radioulnar joints
149
The ulna and radius are connected along their entire length by.
Interosseous membrane
150
Both the ulna and radius have this at their distal end.
Styloid process
151
This is where the tendon of the biceps muscle attaches.
Radial tuberosity
152
When the upper limb is in the anatomical position, this is the medial bone of the forearm
Ulna
153
On the proximal end of the ulna on the anterior side is the
Coronoid process
154
On the proximal end of the ulna on the posterior side is the
Olecranon process
155
The coronoid process and olecranon process are separated by this.
Trochlear notch
156
The hand consists of what three groups?
Phalanges, Metacarpals, Carpals
157
There are 8 of these in the hand, arranged in two irregular rows of four bones each.
Carpal bones
158
Another name for the wrist.
Carpus
159
The palm of the hand consists of these.
Metacarpals
160
This is a name for the fingers.
Phalanges
161
The metacarpals are number 1 to 5 from which side to which.
Thumb side toward the little finger
162
How many phalanges are in each hand?
14
163
The three sections of the phalanges
Distal, Middle, Proximal
164
Which phalange region is closest to the palm of the hand?
Proximal
165
Which part of the phalanges is the tip of your fingers located?
Distal
166
The thumb has which phalange parts?
Distal and Proximal
167
This is formed by two coxal bones, or ossa coxae, commonly called the hip bones.
Pelvic girdle
168
What is another name for the hip bones?
Ossa coxae
169
The hip bone is formed by the fusion of what three bones?
The ilium, ischium, and pubis
170
This connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.
Ilium
171
A large, flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone.
Sacroiliac joint
172
The upper edge of alae is what crest? It is an important anatomical landmark that is always kept in mind of those giving injections.
Iliac crest
173
The iliac crest ends anteriorly in the
Anterior superior iliac spine
174
The iliac crest ends posteriorly in the
Posterior superior iliac spine
175
The "sit down bone" is another name for this. It forms the most inferior part of the coxal bone.
Ischium
176
A roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting.
Ischial tuberosity
177
This is superior to the ischial tuberosity, is important especially in pregnant women, because it narrows the outlet of the pelvis through which the baby must pass during the birth process.
Ischial spine
178
An important structure of the Ischium that allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh.
Greater sciatic notch
179
The most anterior part of a coxal bone.
Pubis or pubic bone
180
An opening that allows blood vessels and nerves to pass into the anterior part of the thigh.
Obturator foramen
181
The pubic bones of each hip bone fuse anteriorly to form a cartilaginous joint called the
Pubic symphysis
182
The ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse at the deep socket called what?
Acetabulum
183
This receives the head of the thigh bone.
Acetabulum
184
The bony pelvis is divided into two sections called what?
True pelvis and False pelvis
185
This is superior to the true pelvis. It is the area medial to the flaring portions of the ilia.
False pelvis
186
This is surrounded by bone and lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia and the pelvic brim.
True pelvis
187
The inferior opening of the pelvis.
Outlet
188
The superior opening of the pelvis.
Inlet
189
This is the only bone in the thigh. Also called the thigh bone.
Femur
190
What is the heaviest and strongest bone in the body?
Femur
191
This separates the greater and lesser trochanters anteriorly.
Intertrochanteric line
192
This separates the greater and lesser trochanters posteriorly.
Intertrochanteric crest
193
The proximal end of the femur has a ball-like head, a neck, and what else.
A greater and lesser trochanters
194
This serves as a site for muscle attachment on the shaft of the femur along with the trochanters and intertrochanteric crest.
The gluteal tuberosity
195
Distally on the femur are the _____________ which articulate with the tibia below.
Lateral and Medial condyles
196
Posteriorly, the lateral and medial condyles of the femur are separated by deep ___________
Intercondylar fossa
197
Anteriorly on the distal femur is the smooth _______ that forms a joint with the patella, or kneecap.
Patellar surface
198
What are the two bones of the lower leg?
The tibia and fibula
199
The tibia and fibula are connected along their length by what?
Interosseous membrane
200
The larger and more medial bone of the lower leg. Also known as the shinbone.
Tibia
201
At the proximal end of the tibia, these articulate with the distal end of the femur to form the knee joint.
Medial and Lateral condyles
202
The medial and lateral condyles are separated by what?
The intercondylar eminence
203
The patellar ligament attaches to a roughened area on the anterior tibial surface called what?
Tibial tuberosity
204
Distally, a process called ________ forms the inner bulge of the ankle.
Medial malleolus
205
The anterior surface of the tibia is a sharp ridge that is unprotected by muscles. It is easily felt underneath the skin. What is this called?
Anterior border
206
This lies alongside the tibia and forms joints with it both proximally and distally. It is also thin and sticklike. It has no part in forming the knee joint.
Fibula
207
The distal end of the fibula, the _______________, forms the outer part of the ankle.
Lateral malleolus
208
These compose the foot.
Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges
209
What two important functions does the foot have?
It supports our body weight and acts as a lever that allows us to propel our bodies forwards.
210
These form the posterior half of the foot. It has seven tarsal bones.
Tarsus
211
The body weight is carried by the two largest tarsals called what?
Calcaneus (heel bone) and the Talus (ankle)
212
This lies between the tibia and the calcaneus.
Talus
213
How many metatarsals form the sole?
5
214
What forms the sole of the feet?
Metatarsals
215
How many phalanges are in on foot?
14
216
All toes have how many phalanges?
3, except for the Great toe, which only has 2.
217
Another name for joints
Articulations
218
Immovable joints
Synarthroses
219
Slightly moveable joints
Arthroses
220
Freely moveable joints
Diarthroses
221
What kind of joint is united by fibrous tissue?
Fibrous joint
222
When the connecting fibers are longer than those of sutures, this is called what?
Syndesmoses
223
Joints where the bone ends are connected by cartilage.
Cartilaginous joints
224
Joints where the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.
Synovial joints
225
This is something that covers the ends of bones forming the joint in a synovial joint.
Articular cartilage
226
The joint surfaces are enclosed by a sleeve or capsule of fibrous connective tissue, and the capsule is lined with a smooth synovial fluid. This is a feature of a synovial joint.
Fibrous articular capsule
227
The articular capsule encloses a cavity which contains lubricating synovial fluid. This is a feature of a synovial joint.
Joint cavity
228
The fibrous capsule is usually _______ with _______ in a synovial joint.
Reinforcing ligaments
229
Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid.
Bursae
230
Essentially an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction.
Tendon sheath
231
A type of synovial joint that the articular surfaces are essentially flat, and only short slipping or gliding movements are allowed.
Plane joint
232
A type of synovial joint where the cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone.
Hinge joint
233
type of synovial joint where the rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone.
Pivot joint
234
A type of synovial joint where the egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another.
Condyloid joint
235
A type of synovial joint where each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like a saddle.
Saddle joints
236
A type of synovial joint where the spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another.
Ball-and-socket joint
237
A disorder that describes 100 different inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints.
Arthritis
238
The most common form of arthritis. It is a condition that typically affects the aged. Also called wear-and-tear arthritis.
Osteoarthritis (OA)
239
A chronic inflammatory disorder. Its onset is insidious and usually occurs between the ages of 40 and 50, but it may occur at any age.
Rheumatoid arthritis. (RA)
240
A disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints.
Gouty arthritis (Gout)
241
A bone-thinning disease that afflicts half of women over 65, and 20 perfect of men over the age of 70.
Osteoporosis
