Skeletal System Flashcards
what is hematopoiesis?
the process of blood cell formation
what minerals do bones store?
calcium and phosphorous
how many bones are in the human skeleton?
206
what is the U-shaped bone that supports the tongue and is the attachment point for several throat muscles involved in swallowing?
hyoid
what are ossicles?
three tiny bones inside each ear
what is the parietal bone?
a cranial bone at the top of the skull, just posterior to the frontal bone
what is the temporal bone?
a cranial bone, situated just inferior to the parietal bone, and there is one on each side of the skull, by the “temples”
where is the occipital bone?
a cranial bone, forms the posterior portion of the skull, (think head cradle)
what is the sphenoid bone?
a cranial bone, a butterfly-shaped bone in the floor of the cranium, in the middle of skull towards the front
what is the ethmoid bone?
a cranial bone, small, just anterior to the sphenoid bone, two sinuses inside this bone
what is the lacrimal bone?
a facial bone, two bones situated posterior to the nasal bones and form the medial wall of the eye socket, smallest bones in the face
what is the nasal concha bone?
facial bones, they direct air flow and assist in heating, humidifying, and filtering air in the nasal cavity
what is the vomer bone?
facial bone, triangular shaped bone sitting vertically inside the nasal cavity, connecting with the ethmoid, palatine, and maxillary bones to form the inferior portion of the nasal septum
what is the palatine bone?
facial bones, these bones form the hard palate at the roof of the mouth plus a small portion of the inferior eye socket
what is the maxilla bone?
facial bone, these two bones join in the middle of the face and form the region between nose and lips
what is the zygomatic bone?
facial bone, “cheek bones”
what is the mandible bone?
facial bone, “jaw bone” - the only moving bone in the skull
how many vertebrae are there in the spinal column?
33
what is the breakdown of the regions of the vertebrae and how many are in each region?
cervical - 7; thoracic - 12; lumbar - 5; sacral - 5; coccygeal - 3 or 4
what is kyphosis?
“humpback” condition of the spine - creates an abnormal rounding of the upper back
what is lordosis?
curving inward of the lower back
what is scoliosis?
an abnormal lateral/sideways curve of the spine, a twist to the spinal column,
axial vs appendicular
axial - bones in the head and torso
appendicular - bones in the arms and legs (including the clavicle)
what is the name of the natural cycle of bone growth and repair?
remodeling
what is bone resorption?
breakdown of bone tissue
what is bone deposition?
the building up of new bone tissue
what happens when too much bone is resorbed?
bones can become weak and brittle as in osteoporosis
what happens when too much bone is deposited in an area?
bone spurs can occur
the homeostatic balance between resorption and deposition is controlled and regulated by what?
hormones from the endocrine system
what are osteoblasts?
cells, “bone builders”, that make and secrete collagen fibers and create the framework for all bone tissue. they are responsible for bone deposition
what are osteoctyes?
mature bone cells, responsible for exchange of nutrients and wastes that maintains bone as living tissue
what are osteoclasts?
“bone breakers”, large cells that make and secrete acids and other enzymes to break down bone, they play a key role in bone resorption
what is compact/cortical bone?
dense bone, resistant to stresses of body weight and movement, forms the outer layer of all bones and makes up most of the shaft of long bones - i.e. femur, tibia, and humerus
what is spongy bone?
also called cancellous bone, looks like a sponge, reduces the weight of individual bones and the skeleton as a whole. it’s found at the ends of long bones and throughout the ribs, sternum, vertebral column, and hip bones
what fills the spaces of spongy bone tissue?
red bone marrow
what are the three types of joints (aka articulations)?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
what are ligaments?
connect bone to bone. (when ligaments are stretched or torn, the injury is called a SPRAIN)
what is bursitis? common sites?
when a bursa is inflamed due to irritation, injury, infection. (bursa = small sacs of synovial fluid) most common sites are calcaneus, knee, olecranon process of the elbow, greater trochanter of the femur, ischial tuberosity, and under the acromion process at the shoulder
what are the 6 types of synovial joints?
pivot, gliding, condyloid, saddle, hinge, ball-and-socket
what is gout?
collection of uric acid in and around a joint that crystallizes into sharp shards, irritating the joint structures, most commonly affects joints in the feet, particularly the big toe
which bone in the lower extremity is not a weight-bearing bone?
fibula
the hollow cavity in the shaft of a long bone is called the……?
medullary
