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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different levels of an organ?

A

Chemical level (atoms combine to form molecules); Cellular level (cells are made up of molecules); Tissue level (tissues are made up of similar types of cells); Organ level (organs are made up of different types of tissues); Organ System level (different organs that work together).

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2
Q

What is the skeletal system mostly made up of and what are the different types?

A

Bone (compact and spongy) and supporting cartilages (hylaine, elastic, fibro).

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3
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscles to bone.

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4
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone at joints.

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5
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A 
Support
Protection
Movement - levers
Mineral reservoir (calcium & phosphate)
Hematopoiesis - makes blood cells in red bone marrow
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6
Q

What are the different ways we classify bones?

A

By location (Axial, appendicular); By shape (long, short, flat, irregular); By type (compact, spongy).

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7
Q

Examples of Short Bones

A

Carpals wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones), Sesamoid bones, Talus,

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8
Q

Examples of Flat Bones

A

Scapula, Ribs, Sternum

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9
Q

Examples of Irregular Bones

A

Sphenoid, Hip Bones, Vertebra

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10
Q

Examples of Long Bones

A

Radius, Ulna, Femur,

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11
Q

Red Bone Marrow makes ____?

A

all blood cells: RBC, WBC, and platelets

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12
Q

Yellow bone marrow ____?

A

Stores fat.

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13
Q

Periosteum

A

Contains outer (fibrous) and inner (cellular) layers. Collagen fibers of the ______ are continuous with those of the bone, adjacent joint capsules, and attached tendons and ligaments.

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14
Q

Endosteum is an ________, containing e____ cells, o___b____, and o____c_____.

A

_____ is an incomplete cellular layer, containing epithelial cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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15
Q

What structures are in the central canal of a bone?

A

Artery with capillaries, Vein, Nerve

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16
Q

Describe the anatomy of Compact Bones

A
  1. Osteogenic cells found in endosteum or periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts.
  2. Osteoblasts make and repair bone.
  3. When osteoblasts get trapped, they become osteocytes that look after bone matrix and signal ob & oc about mechanical stresses.
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17
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Endochondral and Intramembranous.

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18
Q

Describe Endochondral Ossification

A

Cartilage models of bone are gradually replaced by bone most bones, very common.

  1. Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis (Periosteal bud invades, spongy bones replaces cartilage, Medullary cavity forms)
  2. Secondary ossification center form in epiphysis (spongy bones replaces cartilage)
  3. Cartilage continues to grow between epiphysis and diaphysis & is replaced by bone as growth continues
  4. Articular cartilage remains on ends of epiphysis
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19
Q

Intramembranous formation happens when…

A

Bone forms between sheet-like layers of fibrous tissue.

e.g. skull bones, not common

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20
Q

What kind of bone growth increases in width, continues in adulthood, and depends on usage?

A

Appositional growth.

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21
Q

What kind of bone growth increases in length? And when does it stop growing for females and males?

A

Longitudinal growth (stops at 18 for females, 21 for males).

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22
Q

“Bone changes in size in response to hormonal and mechanical factors.” is what law?

A

Wolff’s Law

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23
Q

When does Osteoporosis happen?

A

When bones are weakened to a decreased mass which happens as a result of bone reabsoprtion exceeding absorption (usually by age 40).

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24
Q

_____ makes bones hard. ____ make bones strong.

A

What role does calcium and proteins play in bones?

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25
Q

Describe how bone breaks heal.

A

1) Hematoma formation
2) Fibrocartilaginoucallus formation
3) Bony callus formation
4) Bone remodeling

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26
Q

The ______ is responsible for growth hormone.

____ hormone helps control GH.

A

anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid hormone

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27
Q

Please list the functions of calcium.

A 
Bones
Muscle contraction
Blood clotting
Nerve function
Gland secretion
Cell division
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28
Q

What happens when calcium levels in the blood are too high?

A

Calcitonin: Made in extrafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; Released when blood calcium levels are too high; Causes decreased blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium deposition in bone which increases osteoblast activity.

29
Q

What happens when calcium levels in the blood are too low?

A

Parathyroid hormone is released when _________. Causes increased blood calcium levels by inhibiting calcium deposition to bones and increases osteoclast and decreases osteoblast activity, increasing calcium release from bones (also stimulates calcium absorption from the digestive tract & stimulates calcium reabsorption from urine).

30
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Bones separated by a joint cavity, lubricated by synovial fluid, enclosed in fibrous joint capsule.

31
Q

Examples of Synovial Joints

A

shoulder, elbow, carpal joints, hip, knee, taral joints,

32
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones held together by collagenous fibers extending from the matrix of one bone into the matrix of the next.

33
Q

Examples of Fibrous Joints

A

Skull sutures, teeth in sockets

34
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Bones held together by cartilage

35
Q

Examples of Cartilaginous Joints

A

Epiphyseal plates of long bones, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.

36
Q

Diarthroses Joints

A

Freely movable synovial joints (shoulder, hip, knee)

37
Q

Amphiarthroses Joints

A

Slightly movable joints (intervertebral discs)

38
Q

Synarthroses Joints

A

Joints with little or no movement (skull sutures, teeth, ephiphyseal plates of long bones)

39
Q

What type of movement is “flexion”?

A

Decrease the angle between articulating bones.

40
Q

What type of movement is “extension”?

A

Increase the angle between articulating bones

41
Q

What type of movement is “hyperextension”?

A

over extend beyond 180 (normal)

42
Q

What type of movement is “abudction” and “adduction”?

A
  1. movement away from midline ex. spread fingers apart

2. movement towards midline

43
Q

Supination vs. Pronation

A

Move forearm so palms face up vs move forearm so palms face down.

44
Q

What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints - fingers and toes?

A

Hinge Joint

45
Q

What type of joints are the hip and shoulder joints

A

Ball & Socket Joint

46
Q

What type of joint is the neck?

A

Pivot Joint

47
Q

What type of joints between radius, scaphoid and lunate bones - wrist?

A

Gliding (“Condyloid” joint)

48
Q

What type of joint is between trapezium and metacarpal I - thumb joint?

A

Saddle Joint

49
Q

What type of joint is between the navicular and second cuniform - ankle?

A

Planar

50
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures, (immovable - synarthroses)

e.g. between the cranial bones - skull

51
Q

1) These structures are at the center of compact bone lamellae and carry blood vessels along the bone length:

A

Haversian canals

52
Q

A ligament running along the side of the knee joint is a:

A

collateral

53
Q

15) This hormone stimulates the breakdown of bone and the increase in blood calcium levels:

A

parathyroid hormone

54
Q

Which of the following hormones acts to stimulate osteoclast activity and thus increase bone resorption?

A

Parathyroid hormone

55
Q

Which of the following cell types extend cytoplasmic processes through canaliculi?

A

Osteocytes

56
Q

The dense connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone diaphyses is known as the:

A

Periosteum

57
Q

These 2 components of bone are responsible for its hardness and pliability.

A

Mineralized salts and collagen

58
Q

Yellow marrow consists of ______________ tissue.

A

Adipose

59
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

_____ bone is a bone embedded within a tendon. are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot.

60
Q

The area of a bone that produces most of the hematopoietic tissue is the _____.

A

bone marrow

61
Q

A _____ fracture occurs when the broken bone is exposed to the outside by an opening in the skin.

A

A compound fracture.

62
Q

The callus that forms around a bone fracture is comprised of _____ tissue.

A

Fibrocartilage.

63
Q

What is the final stage of healing following a fracture?

A

Osteoclast Remodeling.

64
Q

Inside the epiphyses of each long bone, mostly ________________ can be found.

A

Spongy Bone

65
Q

What is the last stage in the repair of a fracture?

A

Bony callus

66
Q

What does the medullary cavity store?

A

The adipose tissue inside the cavity stores lipids and forms the yellow marrow.

67
Q

The ________ lines the medullary cavity.

A

endosteum

68
Q

When a bone is broken, it must repair itself. The broken bone stimulates osteoblast cells to become osteocytes. Where are the osteoblast cells located?

A

in the periosteum

69
Q

Bone marrow is found within the __________.

A

spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone

Human Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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