Skeletal System Flashcards

0
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance.

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1
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Ability to differentiate into osteoblasts.

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2
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts that mature and migrate into the bone.

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3
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Responsible for resorption of the bone matrix during growth and repair.

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4
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense, irregular fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of the bone not covered by articular cartilage.

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5
Q

Compact bone (cortical bone)

A

Very dense tissue, organized in haversian systems.

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6
Q

Spongy bone (cancellous trabeculae)

A

Forms a lattice-like structure of spiked bone.

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7
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The marrow cavity in the center of the bone, site of blood cell production (hermatopoiseis) of fat storage.

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8
Q

Endosteum

A

A layer of osteogenic cells and osteoclasts that line the medullary cavity.

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9
Q

Haversian systems

A

Compact bone that consist of closely packed osteons

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10
Q

Haversian canal

A

Central canal surrounded by rings (lamellae) of matrix.

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11
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in the red marrow.

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12
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Mostly fat, which may be used as an energy source.

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13
Q

Fascia

A

A three dimensional sheet of the connective tissue that permeates the body.

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14
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Composed mainly of areolar and adipose tissue.

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15
Q

Deep fascia

A

Covers and penetrate the muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels of the body.

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16
Q

Visceral fascia

A

Envelopes and holds the organs within their cavities.

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17
Q

Tendons (sinews)

A

Tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue.

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18
Q

Ligaments

A

Serve a bone to bone and limit movement.

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19
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

The most resilient cartilage, it provides strength

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20
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Found where strong support and minimal movement are required.

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21
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

The costal cartilage

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22
Q

Long bones

A

Femur, radius, ulna, humerus, tibia, fibula.

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23
Q

Short bones

A

Carpals, tarsals

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24
Q

Flat bones

A

Cranial bones, sternum, scapula.

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25
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae, facial bones.

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26
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Patella

27
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones of the axis: ribs, breast bones (sternum), hyoid bones, bones of the skull, spiral column

28
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the appendages and girdles.

29
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement facilitation
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell production
  6. Energy storage
30
Q

Support

A

Framework for the body provided by the skeleton.

31
Q

Protection

A

Many internal organs are protected from Injury by the skeleton.

32
Q

Movement facilitation

A

Bones store several minerals that can be distributed to other parts of the body upon demand.

33
Q

Principal minerals

A

Calcium and phosphorus.

34
Q

Blood cells production

A

Red marrow in certain bones are capable of producing blood cells.

35
Q

Energy storage

A

Liquid stored in cells of yellow marrow are an important source of chemical energy.

36
Q

Synarthrotic joints

A

Allow extremely limited or no movement at all.

37
Q

Amphiarthrotic joints

A

Are slightly moveable.

38
Q

Diarthrotic joints

A

Freely movable joints

39
Q

Joint classifications

A

Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous.

40
Q

Synovial joints

A

Articulating bones separated by a joint cavity, enclosed in a joint capsule and lubricated by fluid.

41
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Bones are held together by collagenous fibers extending from bone to bone with no joint cavity.

42
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Bones held together by cartilage with no joint cavity.

43
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Hinges
  3. Pivot
  4. Saddle
  5. Ball and socket
  6. Ellipsoidal
44
Q

Gliding (plane)

A

Usually between two flat surfaces and allow the least movement of all types of synovial joints.

45
Q

Hinges (ginglymus)

A

Allow only flexion and extension like a door hinge

46
Q

Pivot (trochoid)

A

Designed to allow one bone to rotate around the surface of another bone.

47
Q

saddle (sellar)

A

The articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the articular surface of the other bone is shaped like a rider sitting on a saddle.

48
Q

Ball and socket (spheroid-enarthroidal)

A

Consist of a ball like surface of one bone fitting into a cup like depression of another bone.

49
Q

Ellipsoidal ( condyloid)

A

Oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone.

50
Q

Condyle

A

A large, rounded articular prominence.

51
Q

Crest

A

Prominent border or ridge.

52
Q

Epicondyle

A

Prominent above a condyle.

53
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, flat surface.

54
Q

Foramen

A

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass.

55
Q

Fossa

A

Depression in, or on, a bone

56
Q

Groove

A

Depression which accommodates a soft structure such as a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon.

57
Q

Head

A

Rounded, articular projection supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone.

58
Q

Line

A

Less prominent ridge than a crest.

59
Q

Meatus

A

Tube-like passageway running within a bone.

60
Q

Process

A

Projection of bone.

61
Q

Ridge

A

Sharper crest.

62
Q

Spine

A

Slender projection.

63
Q

Trochanter

A

Large, blunt projection found only on the femur.

64
Q

Tubercle

A

Smooth rounded process

65
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rounded, usually roughened process.