Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the subgroups of the skeletal system and what structures do they contain?

Answer 1

Axial skeleton:

cranium + mandible + neck + vertebral column + ribs + sternum

— Appendicular skeleton:

bones of upper limb + bones of lower limb + clavicle + scapula + pelvis

Question 2

what are the 2 major structral components of the skeletal system?

Answer 2

Bone

Cartilage

Question 3

A. What are the functions of cartilage?

B. In what types of body areas will you find it?

Answer 3

A. Functions of cartilage:

• to support soft tissues
• to provide a relatively friction-free surface for bone articulations at joints
• to enable growth and development of long bones

B. locations:

• areas where support and flexibility are needed

Question 4

A. What type of tissue if cartilage?

B. Identify 2 important characteristics about cartilage innervation and vasculature.

Answer 4

A. connective tissue

B. Avascular and a-neural

Question 5

What quantities of extracellular fibers will be found in cartiledge located:

A. in areas with greater stress and weight-bearing demands:

B. areas with less stress and weight-bearing demands:

Answer 5

A. less elastic and more collagen fibers

B. more elastic and less collagen fibers

Question 6

Name this type of cartilage, what is contains, and where it can be located:

Answer 6

Hyaline:

moderate amount of collagen fibers in matrix

(e.g., articular surfaces of long bones)

Question 7

Name this type of cartilage, what is contains, and where it can be located:

Answer 7

Fibrous:

limited number of cells & ground substance in matrix; large number of collagen fibers

(e.g.,intervertebral disc)

Question 8

Name this type of cartilage, what is contains, and where it can be located:

Answer 8

Elastic:

collagen fibers along with a large number of elastic fibers in matrix

(e.g., external ear)

Question 9

How many bones are in the human body?

What are the 3 main components of bone?

Answer 9

206

** **intercellular calcified matrix + collagen + cells within matrix

Question 10

What are 5 functions of bone?

Answer 10

• supportive structures for body
• protectors of vital organs
• reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus
• mechanical basis for movement
• containers for blood-producing cells

Question 11

What is the tissuse covering of bones?

What are its functions?

Answer 11

Periosteum

Functions:

• capable of bone deposition
  
  • interface for attachments of tendons and ligaments
• * not found on articular surfaces of bone*

Question 12

Name 2 types of bone.

Identify their structures.

Answer 12

Compact bone:

• dense bone on outer shell of all bones
• surrounds spongy bone
• provides strength for weight-bearing
• amount is greatest near mid-shaft of long bones

Spongy bone (trabecular, cancellous):

• formed by spicules (trabeculae) of bone
• encloses medullary cavity
• production of red blood cell and platelet in medullary cavity

Question 13

Name and describe 5 differnt bone shapes.
Give and example of each one

Answer 13

Flat bones: consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bones (e.g., bones of skull)

— Irregular bones: are bones with various shapes (e.g., bones of face)

— Long bones: are tubular (e.g., humerus and femur)

— Short bones: are cuboidal (e.g., bones of wrist and ankle)

— Sesamoid bones: develop in tendons (e.g., patella)

Question 14

Identify the 4 common features of long bones

Answer 14

Diaphysis: tubular shaft composed of compact bone

Epiphysis: at each end of bone

Metaphysis: trabeculae-filled expansion of diaphysis separating diaphysis from epiphysis

Epiphyseal (growth) plate: between diaphysis (metaphysis) and epiphysis