Anatomy Introduction Flashcards
What are 5 approaches to studying anatomy?
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Surface anatomy
Radiographic anatomy
Clinical anatomy
Identify the following 8 body regions
Define the following planes:
- Median
- Sagittal
- Frontal (coronal)
- Transverse
- Median: vertical; divides body longitudinally into Right & Left halfs.
- Sagittal: vertical; divides body longitudinally parallel to a median plane.
- Frontal (coronal): vertical; divides body longitudinally into Anterior (front) & Posterior (back) –> at a right angle to median plane
- Transverse (transaxial/axial): horizontal; divides body latitudinally into **Superior (upper) & Inferior (lower) parts **–> at right angles to median and frontal planes
Name 3 types of anatomical sections (as used in dissection)
- longitudinal section
- transverse section
- oblique section
Articulate the difference between the terms “superficial”, “intermediate”, and “deep”
- *Superficial:** Toward the surface
- *Intermediate:** Between a Superficial and Deep structure
- *Deep:** Away from the surface of the body
Give another commonly used term for each of the following directional terms:
- superior
- inferior
- posterior
- anterior
- proximal
- distal
- medial
- lateral
- internal
- external
- superior - Cranial
- inferior - Caudal
- posterior - Dorsal
- anterior - Rostral
- proximal - ** Nearer**
- distal - Farther
- medial - towards the middle
- lateral - towards the side
- internal - inner
- external - outer
Flexion/Extension
Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
Hyperextension
Abduction/Adduction
Circumduction/Rotation
Pronation/Supination
Opposition/Reposition
Protrusion/Retrusion
Elevation/Depression
Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
Dorsiflexion: lifting the toes off the ground (EVERSION)
Plantarflexion: turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (INVERSION)
Hyperextension: extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit
Abduction : moving away from the median plane in the frontal plane
Adduction: moving toward the median plane in a frontal plane
Circumduction: circular movement that is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction occurring in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle
Rotation: turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis (medial/lateral)
Pronation: HAND: rotational movement of the forearm and hand that swings the radius; FOOT: lowering of the medial margin of the foot
Supination: HAND: rotational movement of the forearm and hand
FOOT: raising the medial margin of the foot
Opposition: pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad.
Reposition: 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position.
Protrusion: movement anteriorly (forward) (~PROTRACTION)
Retrusion: movement posteriorly (backward) (~RETRACTION)
Elevation: raises or moves a part superiorly
Depression: lowers or moves a part inferiorly
What is the “skin” system called?
What are its layers?
Integumentary system
skin layers:
- epidermis (superfcial)
- dermis (deep)
How many layers does the epidermis have (what are they called)?
what are their functions?
What are 2 significant structural details about the epidermis?
2 layers:
- superficial layer: protective
- Basal layer: regeneration, pigmentation
*absence of blood vessels
*very few nerve endings
- What is the structure of the dermis?
- what elements does it contain?
- What is the function of the dermis layer?
- dense layer of interlacin collagen an elastic fibers
- hair follicles, sebaceous glands
sweat glands (& sm. arteries -> thermoregulation),
arrector pili muscles
- tone, strength, toughness, ~ thermoregulation
Superficial Fascia
- what is another name for it (2)?
- what layer(s) are directly superficial and deep to it?
- what structures does it contain?
- what is its function?
- subcutaneous tissue OR hypodermis
- it is deep to the dermis; it is superficial to the deep facia
- sweat gland, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerve, skin ligament (retinacula cutis)
- fat storage, thermoregulation, protection of skin
What are tension lines?
what are the effects of cutting parellel to them vs. across them?
- “Langer’s lines” specific direction of collagen fibers in dermis
-
A. Incision parallel to tension lines:
- less gape
- shorter healing time
- less scar tissue development
** B. Incision across tension lines:**
- more likely to gape
- longer healing time
- greater scar tissue development
What is the structure and function of the deep fascia?
structure: dense connective tissue layer devoid of fat; body coverage parallel to skin and superficial fascia
function: Packaging and insulating tissue for deep structures
What is investing fascia?
What is a fascial compartment?
How does deep fascia articulate with bone?
Investing fascia:
- extensions from internal surface of deep fascia
Fascial compartment:
- group of muscles with same innervation and function
- separation of fascial compartments by intermuscular septum (thick sheet of deep fascia)
Deep Fascia <–> bone: fusion of deep fascia with periosteum
what is **subserous fascia **and where is it located?
Subserous fascia: between musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes lining body cavities (endothoracic, endoabdominal, and endopelvic fasciae)
