Skeletal System Flashcards
What does anterior mean
To the front or in front
What does prosterior mean?
To the rear or behind
What does medial mean ?
Towards the midline or axis, and imaginary line down the centre of the body
What does lateral mean?
Away from the midline or axis
What does proximal mean
Near to the root or origin
What does distal mean
Away from the root or origin
What does superior mean
Above
What does inferior mean
Below
What are the 5 types of bones ?
Long
Flat
Short
Sesamoid
Irregular
Long bone
Characteristics:
• Found in the limbs
• Have a shaft (diaphysis)
• Two expanded ends (epiphysis)
Function:
-Movement
-support
-red blood cell production
Examples:
Femur, humerus, tibia, radius, ulna
Short bone
Characteristics:
• Small, light, strong, cube shaped
• Cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone
Function:
- Fine or small movements
- Shock absorption
- Stability
- Weight bearing (support weight of body)
Examples:
Carpals (Wrists), Tarsals (Ankles)
Flat bone
Characteristics:
• Thin
• flattened and slightly curved
• Large surface area
Function:
-Provides a broad surface for muscle attachment. I.e. muscles in the back attach to the pelvis.
- Protection for delicate areas i.e. the cranium protects the brain.
Examples:
-sternum, scapula, pelvis, cranium
Irregular bone
Characteristics:
• Complex shapes
Function:
- Protection (spinal cord)
- movement
Examples:
-vertebra
Sesamoid bone
Characteristics:
• Specialised function found within a tendon
• Smooth surface
Examples:
- Patella
Function:
- Protection
- Act like pulleys, providing a smooth surface for tendons to slide over and increase muscular force. Therefore reduces of friction across a joint
What is axial?
The axial skeleton is the main core or axis of your skeleton and consists of; the skull
(cranium and facial bones), the thoracic cage (sternum and ribs) and the vertebral column. Its main functions are protection and support
What are the axial bones?
Cranium
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
What is appendicular?
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones attached to the axial skeleton. Its main functions are leverage, blood production and storage of minerals.
Some bones of appendicular skeleton?
Clavicle
Humerus
Tibia
Fibula
Femur
What are the 5 sections of the vertebral column?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
Cervical
Number of Vertebrae:
There are 7 cervical vertebrae’s that are located at the
neck.
Characteristics:
They are the smallest and most vulnerable vertebrae of the
column.
Function:
They form a pivot joint that supports and allow the head
and neck to move freely.
Thoracic
Number of Vertebrae:
There are 12 vertebrae of the mid spine.
Characteristics:
They are mid-spine which articulate (link) with the ribs.
Function:
They lie in the thorax, a dome shaped structure that
protects the heart and the lungs.
Lumbar
Number of Vertebrae:
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae which are situated in the lower spine.
Characteristics:
Largest Moveable Vertebrae situated in the lower back
Function:
They support the weight of the other vertebrae’s and provides
attachment for many muscles in the back. They allow us to perform
large movements.
The discs between these vertebrae produce a concave curve in the
back.
Sacral
Number of Vertebrae:
There are 5 sacral vertebrae that are fused together to form the
sacrum.
Characteristics:
A triangle bone located below the lumbar vertebrae.
Function:
Forms the back wall of the pelvic gridle between the two hip bones.
It therefore supports our body weight
Coccyx
Number of Vertebrae:
There are 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
Characteristics:
They are located at the bottom of the vertebral column.
Function:
The 4 columns are fused together to form the coccyx or tail bone.
Neutral spine
refers to a good posture with
correct position of the natural curves
Curve 1 – cervical
Curve 2 – Thoracic curve
Curve 3 – Lumbar curve
Curve 4 – Pelvic curve
Allows balance and even distribution of body weight.
From the side our spine is naturally curved in a ‘S’ shape.
Scoliosis
People can suffer from different disorders of the spine that can cause the natural curve to change.
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine either to the left or right. Most likely to occur to the thoracic region.
• It is normally found in children but can occur in adults.
• It creates a ‘C’ or ‘S’ shape in the spine.
• The condition is not thought to be linked to bad posture and exact reasons are unknown.
• Can be caused by injury.
• People can suffer from different disorders of the spine that can cause the natural curve to change
Kyphosis
Kyphosis is the excessive outward curve of the thoracic region of the spine resulting in a hunch back appearance. This is often caused by poor posture but can be caused by deformities of the vertebrae.
The process of bone growth
Bone is a living organ that is continuously being reshaped through a process called remodelling.
The process in which bones are formed is called Ossification. Cells that remove unnecessary calcium are called Osteoclasts.
Cells that bring the calcium to your bones are called Osteoblasts. The ends of each long bone contain a specific area that allows the bone to grow longer, this area is called the epiphyseal plates Once a long bone is fully formed, the end of each bone fuses with the main shaft (diaphysis) to create the epiphyseal line.
Whats the difference between the epiphyseal plate and the empiphsyeal line?
The Epiphyseal plate is a thin cartilaginous line located as a boundary between the central diaphysis region and terminal epiphysis region. This cartilage allows the growth of bones. Hence it is found only in bones undergoing growth.
The Epiphyseal line signifies that bone growth has stopped. This line is regarded as the remains of the epiphyseal plate after growth inhibition.
Sporting examples for bone growth
Activities like running, walking, netball,
basketball, tennis, aerobics can build
stronger bones as osteoblasts activity
increases when you exercise, so your
bones will become stronger the more
exercise you do.
This means your bone calcium stores
increase to cope with the demand for calcium, so exercise reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Support
Protection
Attachment for skeletal muscles
Source of blood cell production
Store of minerals
Leverage
Weight bearing
Reducing friction across joints
Support
Bones give your body shape and provide
supporting framework for your body
Protection
The bones of your skeleton protect vital tissues and organs in your body.
Attachment for skeletal muscles
Parts of your skeleton provide a surface for your skeletal muscles to attach too
Source of blood cell production
Your bones are not completely solid, as this would make your skeleton heavy and difficult to move. Blood Vessels feed the centre of your bones and are stored within Bone Marrow
Store of minerals
Bones are full of Minerals that include calcium and phosphors which are essential for bone growth. Minerals- any of a class of substances occurring in nature, usually comprising inorganic substances
Leverage
The bones provide a lever system against which muscles can pull to create movement.
Leverage- the action of a lever, a rigid bar that pivots about one point and that is used to move an object at a second point by a force applied at a third.
Weight bearing
Your bones are very strong and will support the weight of your tissue including muscles
Reducing friction across joints
The skeleton has many joints of different types. Synovial joints secrete fluid that prevents bones from rubbing together, reducing friction between them.
Joints
Our Skelton is made up of bones that support and protect our body.
To allow movement the bones must be linked, this is when joints are formed. A joint is formed where two or more bones meet. This is known as Articulation.
What are the 3 types of joints that are classified as allowing the degree of movement?
• Fixed
• Slightly Moveable
• Synovial
Fixed joints
Fixed Joints or known as fibrous or immovable joints do not move.
These joints are held together by bands of tough, fibrous tissue and are strong with no movement between bones.
An Example of this is the CRANIUM, these bones plates are fixed together to provide protection for our brains
Slightly moveable joints
Slightly Moveable Joints or known as cartilaginous joints allow slight movement.
The ends of the bones are covered in a smooth, shinny covering known as articular of hyaline cartilage which then reduces friction between bones. These bones are separated by pads of white fibrocartilage.
An Example of this is the VERTEBRAE where slight movement is enabled.
Synovial joints
Synovial Joints or known as freely moveable joints offer the highest level of mobility at a joint and are essential for all sporting
movements.
A Synovial Joint consist of 2 or more bones and covered with articular cartilage which allows the bones to move over each other with minimum friction.
A synovial joint consists when 2 or more bones meet at a joint.
Synovial Joints are also known as freely
moveable joints and these are the most
common type of joint in the human body.
They are located at the following areas:
• Elbow
• Hip
• Knee
• Ankle
Tendons
Tendons are very strong, non elastic cords that join muscles to bones
Bursae
A Sac filled with liquid that floats inside the joint to reduce friction between tendon and bone
Ligaments
Ligaments are bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone keeping joints stable by restricting movement
Cartilage
Cartilage is a tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones which will prevent them from rubbing together and cause any unwanted friction.
Joint capsule
Joint capsule is a tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and enclosures, supports and holds bones together.
Synovial fluid
Synovial Fluid is a clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stops the bones rubbing together.
Synovial membrane
Synovial Membrane is the lining inside the joint that secretes (releases) synovial fluid.
What are the types of synovial joints?
Hinger
Gliding
Pivot
Ball and socket
Condyloid
Saddle
Condyloid
➢ Condyloid joints are like ball and
socket, in which one bump (condyle) on one bone sits in the hollow formed
by another.
➢ Movement at a condyloid joint occurs
in 2 planes (direction); backwards and
forwards and from side to side. No rotation occurs.
➢ These joints are present between the
knuckle joints, wrist joints, metacarpal joints and metatarsal joints of fingers.
Gliding
➢ These joints allow movement over a flat
surface in all directions, but this movement is restricted by ligaments or a bony
prominence. In basic terms allows bones to slide over each other.
➢ Examples of these joints are in the carpals and tarsals of wrists and ankles.
(Memory hook-make a fist, see the bones slide over).
Sport example of Condyloid joint
Bouncing a basket ball
Sport example of gliding joint
Clenching the fist to punch in boxing
Saddle joint
➢ These are like condyloid joints, but the surfaces are concave and convex. The joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. (Memory hook).
Movement occurs backwards and forwards and from side to side.
➢ These are positioned between the carpals and metacarpals at the base of the thumb.
Saddle joint sporting example
Gripping a tennis racket in preparation to return the ball
Hinge joint
➢ Allow movement in one direction (memory hook- like the hinge of a door,
open and closes, angles increases or decreases). Only allows flexion and extension.
➢ Elbow and knee joints are typical examples and only allow movements forwards and backwards.
Sport example of hinge joint
Sprinting with knew bent and flexed
Ball and socket
➢ The round end of one bones fits in to a cup shaped socket in the other bone, allowing movement in all directions. It has the greatest range of movement; flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation.
➢ Ball and socket joints are found in the hip and shoulder.
Ball and socket sporting example
Bowing a ball in cricket
Pivot joint
➢ A circular bone fits over a peg of another bone, allowing controlled rotational movement. This joint allows you to turn your head from side to side (twisting and rotation). When you turn your head in sport you will be using a pivot joint.
➢ Examples of these joints are the atlas and axis in the neck.
Pivot joint sporting example
turns their head to look at the shuttlecock in the air, they use the pivot joint in the
neck.
Flexion
Description-
Reducing the angle between bone of a limb
at a joint: muscles contract, moving the joints into a bent position.
Sporting example-
Bending the knee when preparing to kick a
football
Bending your arm in a bicep curl.
Extension
Description-
Straightening a limb to increase the angle at
the joint.
Sporting example-
Straightening your arm to return to your
starting position in a bicep curl action.
The kicking action when taking a penalty kick in rugby with the knee straightening.
Dorsiflexion
Description-
An upward movement. The foot moves
towards the shin as if you are pulling your
toes up. This movement only occurs at the
ankle.
Sporting example-
Lifting a football off the ground with your
foot when standing, while keeping your heel
on the ground.
A bowler in cricket moving their feet to pull
the toes towards the knee when completing
their run up in cricket
Plantar flexion
Description-
A downwards movement. A movement that
points the toes downwards by straightening
the ankle.
Sporting example-
When a ballerina points their toes.
When a netball is jumping to intercept a ball.
Lateral flexion
Description-
The movement of bending sideways. For
example, at the waist.
Sporting example-
Synchronized swimmers, diving into the pool sideways in a cannon motion.
A cricket player in slip, bending sideways to
catch a batsmen out.
Horizontal flexion
Description-
Horizontal flexion:
Bending the elbow while the arm is in front
of your body.
Sporting example-
A pass in rugby across your body.
Horizontal extension
Description
Horizontal extension:
Straightening the arm at the elbow whilst
the arm is in front of your body.
Sporting example-
Signaling for a ball in netball.
Hyperextension
Description-
Involves movement beyond the normal
anatomical position in a direction opposite
to flexion.
Sporting example-
This occurs at the spine when a cricket
player arches their back when approaching
the crease to bowl.
A gymnast performing a crab in a floor
routine
Abduction
Description-
Movement away from the body’s vertical
midline. This occurs at the hip and shoulder
joints during a jumping jack movement.
Sporting example-
A karate kick
A side-step in gymnastics.
Adduction
Description-
Movement towards the body’s vertical
midline. This occurs at the hip and shoulder,
returning the arms and legs back to their
original position from a jumping jack
movement.
Sporting example-
Pulling on the oars while rowing.
Circumduction
Description-
This is a circular movement that results in a
conical (shape of a cone) action. It is a
movement of a distal end of the body in a
circle.
It is a combination of flexion, extension,
adduction and abduction.
Sporting example-
Performing a serve in tennis
Bowling action in cricket
Preparing to pitch in baseball
Horizontal adduction
Description-
Horizontal Adduction-
This is the movement of bringing your arm
across your body (flexion).
Sporting example-
- The execution of the bowling action.
- A tennis player performing a forearm shot.
Horizontal abduction
Description-
Horizontal Abduction-
This is the movement of bringing your arm
away from your body(extension).
Sporting example-
- The preparation of the bowling action.
- A tennis player performing a backhand
shot.
Rotation
Sporting example-
Rotation occurs at the shoulder joints during
a tennis serve.
This occurs in the hip in golf while performing a drive shot
Acute meaning
when the body makes an immediate change.
What are the acute responses
➢ Synovial Fluid Increase
➢ Increase update of minerals within the bones
Synovial fluid increases
➢ Your skeletal system will respond to sport and exercise in the short term by producing more synovial fluid into the synovial joints.
➢ This is so the joint are lubricated and can protect the bones during the demands of exercise put on the skeletal
system.
➢ The Fluid becomes less vicious and the range of movement at the joint will increase.
Increase update of minerals within the bones
➢ Bones will become stronger and denser when you regularly place exercise demands upon it.
➢ The body will absorb minerals such as calcium which will increase your bone density.
➢ This is especially important when doing weight bearing exercises as more stress and force is applied to the bones which means they need to be stronger to cope with the demands of this.
Whats a chronic response?
take place over a long period of time
What are the chronic responses
➢ Increase Bone strength
➢ Increase in strength of Ligaments
Increase bone strength
➢ Bones will become stronger over time and will result in more resistance being able to apply more force and resistance
Increase in strength in ligaments
➢ When you exercise as part of a training program, your ligaments will stretch a little further and as a result will become more flexible over time which increases flexibility.
What are additional factors affecting skeletal system
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Age
Arthritis
What is Arthritis?
Arthritis is a condition where there is an inflammation within a synovial joint, causing. pain and stiffness in the joint.
What happens to the Cartilage tissue?
The Cartilage tissue gets reduced which may result in the ends of the bones rubbing together which may cause further breakdown of cartilage tissue that could cause further injury.
How can you prevent arthritis?
Regular exercise can prevent arthritis.
What happens to your joints when exercising?
When exercising your joints will produce more synovial fluid which will not only improve the joint lubrication (Reducing
friction amongst the bones) but also provide important minerals to the cartilage.
What exercises can help the joint movement?
Exercises such as stretching will help improve the joint range of motion which is lengthening the ligaments that hold the bones in place.
Osteoporosis
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is the weakening of bones caused by a loss in calcium or a lack of Vitamin D
What happens to our bones?
As we get older your bones slowly lose their mineral density and over time become brittle and fragile and more likely to break under stress.
What is Vitamin D?
Vitamin D is used to relegate the amount of calcium in the body and is produced from sunlight on our skin. Small amounts of vitamin D can also be found in oily fish and eggs.
How can we prevent osteoporosis?
Physical activity and exercise can help prevent osteoporosis by promoting increased uptake of minerals within the bones resulting in an increase in bone mineral density.
What type of training is good for preventing
osteoporosis?
Resistance training is a good method of preventing osteoporosis as overloading the skeleton will increase the bone density.
Age
The skeletal system is a living tissue that is constantly growing and repairing itself so that it can provide support and protection.
Exercise generally benefits you. However, resistance training (weight training) in children can cause more harm than good.
Why?
Children bones are still growing and putting too much force on them can damage the epiphyseal plates which are found at each end of the long bones (remember bone growth…) Damage to these plates during childhood can prevent/stunt bone growth
