Energy Systems Flashcards
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Describe the structure of ATP
1 adenosine molecule.
3 phosphate molecules.
Name the enzyme that breaks the bond of ATP to release energy.
ATPase
Describe what remains once an ATP bond has been broken and energy released.
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi).
What keyword is used to describe ADP and an inorganic phosphate combining to form ATP.
Re-synthesis
Name the four main fuel for ATP re-synthesis
Glycogen
Fats
Protein
Phosphocreatine
State the three energy systems
The aerobic oxidative system
Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid)
ATP-PC
What system is used when intensity is low and duration is long.
Aerobic oxidative system
Name the three stages of the aerobic oxidative system.
Glycolysis
The kerb cycle
The electron transport chain (E.T.C)
Where does glycolysis within the aerobic oxidative system take place?
The sarcoplasm
How many ATP are produced within glycolysis of the aerobic oxidative system?
2 ATO
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose in to what acid?
Pyruvic acid
During glycolysis within the aerobic oxidative system, oxygen isn present so pyruvic acid is converted into what?
Acetylene coenzyme A
What happens to pyruvix acid if oxygen. Is not present within glycolysis?
It forms lactic acid
What percentage of energy yield is contributed by protein
15%
Where is glycogen stored?
Muscles and liver
Where do the second and third stages of the aerobic oxidative system take place?
Mitochondria
Name the 4 things produced in the kerb cycle
Water
Carbon dioxide
2 ATP
Hydrogen ions
Of the four things produced in the kerb cycle, which one enters the electron transport chain?
The hydrogen ions
How much ATP is produced in the electron transport chain
32 - 34 ATP
How much ATP is produced overall in the aerobic oxidative system
36-38 ATP
What is the name given to the breakdown of stored fat
Beta oxidation
True or false, one positive of the aerobic oxidative system is that there is not fatiguing by products.
True
As a percentage, how much more oxygen is required to break down a molecule of fat, compared to glucose.
15%
How would you describe the energy yield of the aerobic oxidative system
Extremely high energy yield. This is a positive of this system
Describe the speed that energy is produced within the aerobic energy system
This system has a slow speed of energy production. It can take minutes for this system to produce energy. It is not rapid. This is a negative.
What running event most predominantly engages the anaerobic glycolytic system
400m running.
What running event most predominantly engages the aerobic oxidative system
Marathon running
What running event most predominantly engages the ATP-PC system
60m indoors
100m outdoors
Within what time periods is the anaerobic glycolytic system the predominant supplier for energy
From 8-10 seconds up to 3 minutes
How much ATP is produced within anaerobic glycolysis
2 ATP
Where does anaerobic glycolysis take place
In the sarcoplasm
What happens to pyruvic acid within the anaerobic glycolytic system and why?
It turns into lactic acid due to lack of oxygen
What enzyme breaks glycogen into glucose
Glycogen phosphorylase
What enzyme breaks glucose into pyruvic acid
Phosphofuctvokinase (PFK)
What enzyme breaks pyruvic acid into lactic acid
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
True or false, if oxygen is present lactic acid can be converted back into glycogen
True
Why is energy production in the anaerobic oxidative system much quicker than the aerobic glycolytic system
There are fewer reactions
How would you describe the energy yield of the anaerobic glycolytic system
A small energy yield.
2 ATP total
One negative of the anaerobic glycolytic system is the build up of lactic acid. How does lactic acid effect enzymes
It denatures enzymes. Prevents the rate at which chemical reactions can take place
As percentages, how does energy yielded from aerobic conditions compare to anaerobic conditions
5% of energy comes from anaerobic conditions
95% cones from aerobic conditions
The third and final system is the ATP-PC system.
What does ATP-PC stand for
Adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine
Howl long does the ATP-PC provide energy for
8-10 seconds
Phosphocreatine is an energy rich compound broken down quickly to resynthesis ATP but where is it found
In the sarcoplasm
How long will stored ATP alone provide energy for
2 seconds
What enzyme is responsible for detecting high levels of ADP and breaking the phosphocreatine bond
Creatine kinase
Give the four advantages of the ATP-PC system
Energy release immediately, ATP resynthesised quickly, high intensity activity can be repeated after short recover and no waste products
Give an additional advantage of the ATP-PC system
ATP-PC system can be extended though the use of dietary creatine supplements
Give three disadvantages of the ATP-PC system
Limited stores of phosphocreatine, high intensity activity can only last 8-10 seconds and full recovery takes 2-3 minutes
True or false,energy systems work in isolation
False. However is always the predominant supplier for energy
Name the muscle fibre type associated with the aerobic system
Type 1 fibres. Slow twitch oxidative
Name the muscle fibre type associated with the ATP-PC system
Type 2b fibres
Fast twitch glycolytic
Name the muscle fibre type associated with the anaerobic glycolytic system
Type 2a fibres.
Fast twitch oxidative
What are two main impacts of increased creatine stores; an adaptation of energy systems
A performer can exercise anaerobically for a longer duration. They can produce faster and more powerful repeated movements.
Explain why, through training, our energy systems adapt to be better able to tolerate lactic acid
Extension of capillary networks, increase in blood flow, increases ability to oxidise Pyruvic acid
One adaptation is energy systems become able yo increase its use of fats. When does fat oxidation increase within an athlete
After 9 minutes to 2 hours. Once glycogen stores are depleted
Name the two additional factors affecting the energy systems
Diabetes/hypoglycemic attacks
Children’s lack of lactate system
Type 1 diabetes is a condition where blood glucose is too high, why does this happen
Glucose can not enter the body’s cells. So it builds up in the blood
What hormone is produced and where is it produced that allows glucose to enter a body’s cell
The hormone is insulin and it is produced in the pancreas
What causes a hypoglycaemic attacks
Abnormally low levels of glucose in the blood
Give 5 warning signs of hlpglycaemic attacks
Hunger
Trembling
Shakiness
Sweating
Confusion
Difficulty concentrating
Describe the children’s lack of lactate system
A child’s lactate system (anaerobic glycolytic) is not fully developed. The waste product lactic acid can not be removed effectively, so it builds up. Children should only engage in aerobic exercise.
How does the ATP-PC system work?
The breakdown of ATP triggers an enzyme known as creatine kinase to initiate the breakdown of PC into phosphate and creatine.
Phosphocreatine resynthesises ATP
What is the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvic acid produced during glycolytic enters the mitochondria ad is converted into acetylene coenzyme A which combines with oxaloacetic form citric acid.
Further chemical reactions occur to weird enough energy to re-synthesis 2 ATP molecules.
Bi products of these reactions include carbon dioxide which is exhaled by the lungs and hydrogen which is transported to the site of the Electron Transport System chain
What is the lactic acid system
Sarcoplasm which turn carbohydrate into pyruvic acid and 2 molecules of ATP.
The differences now being the lack of oxygen meaning the carrier molecule NAD+ cannot offload the hydrogen ions by product of glycolysis causing a build in the cell.
To try to prevent an increase in acidity the pyruvic acid accepts the H+ forming lactic acid.
