Skeletal System Flashcards
What two terms is the skeletal system divided into?
Axial and appendicular
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
What bones make up the skull?
Skull separated into cranial and facial bones.
Cranial bones include: frontal, parietal x2, temporal x 2, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
Facial bones include: Lacrimal x2, turbinator/ inferior nasal conche x2, nasal x2, maxilla x2, mandible, vomer, palatine x2, zygomatic x2
What bones make up the hyoid?
One singular bone called the hyoid. At the root of the tongue and is the only bone not associated with another.
What bones make up the vertebral column?
Separated into five sections:
Cervical - neck - 7 bones
Thoracic - ribs - 12 bones
Lumbar - lower back - 5 bones
Sacral - pelvis - 5 bones
Coccygeal - coccyx - 4 bones
True vertebra - cervical, thoracic and lumbar - allow movement
Fixed - sacral and coccygeal - do not allow movement
What bones make up the sternum?
Manubrium - top, wide part
Body - middle and largest
Xiphoid process - low and pointed
What bones make up the ribs?
Separated into 3 sections:
True ribs - first 7 - all connected to sternum
False ribs - next 5 - connected to 7th true rib
Floating ribs - last 2 - not connected at all - grow from 5th false rib
What bones make up the shoulder girdle?
2 x scapula
2 x clavicle
Together make and incomplete circle meeting an manubrium
What bones make up the upper limbs?
Separated into 4 parts:
Arm - 3 - humorous, ulna, radius
Wrist - 8 - carpals (scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, triquentral, trapezoid, capitate, hamate)
Hand - 5 - metacarpals
Fingers - 14 - phalanges
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
Innominate bones. 6 bones in total, 3 fused bones each side -
Ilium, ischium and pubis
Sacrum and coccyx are in pelvis but not included in appendicular skeleton
What bones make up the lower limbs?
Separated into 4 parts:
Legs - 4 - femur, patella, tibia, fibula
Ankle - 7 - tarsals ( lateral, medial and intermediate cuneiform and cuboid in a row. Calcaneum, talus and navicular set positions)
Foot - 5 - metatarsals
Toes - 14 - phalanges
What are the 5 types of bone?
Long
Short
Irregular
Sesamoid
Flat
What is a long bone? Give examples.
Allows movement. Limb bones
Femur, tibia, fibula, humorous, radius, ulna, metacarpals/tarsals, phalanges
What is a short bone? Give examples.
Strong and compact. In spaces where little movement is required.
Carpals and tarsals.
What is a flat bone? Give examples.
Broad, protective and allows muscle attachment.
Skull bones, sternum, scapula, ribs, innominate bones
What is a sesamoid bone? Give examples.
A bone that attaches to a ligament.
Patella and hyoid.
What is an irregular bone? Give examples.
An irregular bone doesn’t fit into any other category. Sacrum and coccyx, some facial and cranial bones (maxilla, mandible, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, hyoid, zygomatic, tubinator, palatine)
List all functions of a bone.
Supports the body and gives it its structure.
Allows movement
Forms joints
Forms red blood cells in red bone marrow
Stores calcium salts and phosphate in yellow bone marrow
Protect delicate organs
Attachments for muscles
What are bones made of?
Living tissue and specialised cells called oestoblasts and oestoclasts.
Vary in density and usually have a central cavity for marrow. Two types of bone.
What are the two types of bone?
Compact and cancellous.
What is a compact bone?
Found on the outside of most bone.
Appears solid but has small holes in structure
Has Haversian canals for blood and lymph capillaries
What is cancellous bone?
Found at the end of long, flat, irregular and sesamoid bones
Bone marrow is always found in cancellous bone
Sponge like in texture
List the 6 types of fractures in bones.
Simple/ closed
Compound / open
Comminuted
Impacted
Greenstick
Complicated
What is a simple bone fracture?
A simple or closed fracture is when the bone breaks but does not damage any tissue.
What is a compound fracture?
A compound or open fracture is when the bone breaks and pierces through the skin, creating an open wound.
What is a comminuted bone fracture?
When the bone brakes into several pieces.
What is a greenstick bone fracture?
Found mainly in children when soft or flexible bones break. Often found in long bones.
What is a complicated bone fracture?
When the bone breaks and pierces tissue or an organ.
What is an impacted bone fracture?
When a bone breaks and one end of the broken bone is driven into the other end.
What are the 2 types of natural curvatures in the spine?
Thoracic - curving outwards
Lumbar - curving inwards
What are the 3 types of postural deformities and what are the 3 main causes?
Kyphosis - exaggerated thoracic curvature
Lordosis - exaggerated lumbar curvature
Scoliosis - sideways curvature
Congenital, environmental, traumatic
What are the 3 types of joints in the body?
Synovial - free movement
Cartilaginous - slightly moveable
Fibrous - no movement
What are the 5 types of synovial joint?
Ball and socket - most movement - hip and shoulder
Gliding - least moveable - tarsals and carpals
Hinge - limited movement - elbow and knee
Pivot - moveable on 1 axis and rotary - first 2 cervical vertebra and each end of radius and ulna
Saddle - moveable on 2 axis - wrist and thumb
What are the features of a cartilaginous joints?
Moves by compression of cartilage. Vertebrae and white fibrous pads.
What are the features of a fibrous joint?
No moment at all. Fibrous tissue joins two bones. Skull and innominate bones.
