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Skeletal System Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

How does a warm up improve the performance of our joints and skeleton in sport ?

A

Increase of blood circulation

increases muscle/joint temperature more freely moveable

increase the amount of synovial fluid in the joint

relax joints and muscles and lessen pain

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2
Q

How does the skeleton adapt to a period of training ?

A

Bones become denser

Enhanced joint support cartilage more thicker ligaments more resilient

Increased collagen production

Better joint mobility

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3
Q

Example of weight bearing exercise (makes are bones stronger)

A

Running/jogging

Body weight exercises

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4
Q

Example of non weight bearing exercises

A

Cycling

Swimming

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5
Q

What is osteoarthritis

A

Inflation of a synovial joint
Caused by wear and tear over time
Bones rub together and wear away
Pain and stiffness in the joint
Reduction in the amount of normal cartilage tissues

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6
Q

How does exercise help osteoarthritis?

A

Nourishes the cartilage

Reduces friction between the bones

Stretching lengthens the ligaments improving the range of movement at the joint

Lubricators the joint

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7
Q

What is osteoporosis ?

A

Weakening of the bone

Caused by loss of calcium and vitamin D

As you get older bones loses mineral density becoming brittle fragile and more likely to break

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8
Q

Why should children not perform resistance training?

A

Fines are still growing, too much force damages the epiphyseal played which can’t stunt growth

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9
Q

How many bones in the human body

A

206

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10
Q

Anterior / posterior definitions

A

Anterior: in front / to the front (sternum)

Posterior: bend / to the back (vertebrae)

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11
Q

Medial/ lateral definitions

A

Medial: middle (sternum, vertebrae , pelvis)

Lateral: side (phalanges in the hand)

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12
Q

Proximal/distal definitions

A

Proximal: near to the head (cranium)

Distal: away from the head

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13
Q

Superior/ inferior

A

Superior: above

Inferior: below

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14
Q

Types of bones

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

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15
Q

Sesamoid bones definition

A

Usually short or irregular bones usually found within a tendon. They provide a smooth surface for the tendon to slide over by reducing friction

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16
Q

Name the long bones

A

Femur, humerus, radius, tibia , phalanges, metacarpals,metatarsals

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17
Q

Name the flat bones

A

Scapula , cranium , sternum , pelvis , ribs

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18
Q

Name the short bones

A

Carpals , tarsals

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19
Q

Name a Sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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20
Q

Name an irregular bone

A

Vertebrae

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21
Q

Functions of the Skelton

A

Support
Protection
Points of attachment
Weight bearing
Leverage
Reducing friction across joints
Mineral storage
Blood production

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22
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The bones of the arms and legs and the shoulder and the pelvis

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23
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The cranium
Thoracic cage
Vertebral column

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24
Q

What 4 sections is the curve of the spine made up of

A

Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sacral curve

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25
The vertebral column
Protects the spinal cord. In between the vertebrae are intervertebral disc of fibrous cartilage acting as the spines shock absorbers.
26
Kyphosis
Rounded back Hunchback Forwards curve Caused by mini fractures from osteoporosis, and spinal injuries
27
Scoliosis
Sideways curve Uneven shoulders / hips A brace or surgery may be required in teenagers.
28
Thorax/ thoracic cavity
Seven pairs of ribs attatcges to the sternum these are called true ribs Five pairs of ribs are not attached to the sternum and these are called false ribs Where the lungs are found
29
List the 5 sections of the Vertebral column
Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacral vertebrae Coccygeal vertebrae
30
What is the process in which bones are formed called
Ossification
31
Process of ossification
Cells remove unnecessary calcium called osteoclasts which break down old bone Osteoblasts bring calcium to the bones and create new bone Each end of the bones contain epiphiseal plate that allows the bone to grow longer The bone seals of when fully developed
32
What is an articulation (joint)
A place where two or more bones meet
33
Fixed/ fibrous/immovable joints
Do not move Held together by tough fibrous tissue Bones of the cranium are fused together to protect the brain
34
Slightly moveable/cartilaginous joints
Allows slight movement Ends of bones covered in particular it hyaline cartilage to reduce friction/ protect the bone Allow slight movement when discs are compressed.
35
Seven features of a synovial joint
Joint capsule Bursa Articulated cartilage Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Ligaments Tendons
36
Condyloid joint
Allows flexion , extension , abduction , adduction. Example: wrist Sport example: flick of the wrist in a badminton serve
37
Gliding joint
Two flat surfaces glide over each other Allows movement in most directions Example: carpals and tarsals Example: in sport used to grip the ball in netball or kick a ball in football
38
Pivot joint
Only allows rotation Round end of one bone fits into the ring of another bone Example: atlas and axis are used to turn the head Sporting example: heading a ball in football.
39
Saddle joint
Allows a large amount of movement Example: thumb Example from sport: gripping the bar in gymnastics
40
Hinge joint
Only allows movement in one direction Allows flexion and extension Examples: ankle, elbow, knee
41
Ball and socket joint
Round head of one bone fits into the cup shaped socket of another bone Hip: femur fits into pelvis called acetabulum Shoulder: humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
42
Flexion
A decrease in an angle that occurs around a joint Forwards/ bending
43
Extension
An increase in an angle that occurs around a joint Backwards/ straightening
44
Abduction
Movement occurring away from the midline of the body
45
Adduction
Movement occurring towards the midline of the body
46
Rotation
The circular movement of a limb Twisting/turning
47
Plantar flexion
Only relates to the ankle joint Bending the foot downwards to point the toes
48
Doris flexion
This is the flexion of the ankle joint or bending the foot up towards the body
49
Horizontal flexion
Flexing the elbow when the arm is in the front of the body( flexion of the shoulder)
50
Horizontal extension
Extending the elbow when the arm is in the front of the body( flexion of the shoulder)
51
Hyper extension
Extension of the spine beyond the normal anatomical position( arching the back)
52
Lateral flexion
Bending to the side
53
Horizontal adduction
Flexing the shoulder and bring your arm across your body ( towards the midline)
54
Horizontal abduction
Flexing the shoulder and bringing your arm back( away from the midline)
55
Circumduction
A circular movement resulting in a critical action. Occurs when a circle can be drawn by a body part. Example is over arm bowling in cricket.
56
Palmar flexion
Wrists point downwards. Fingers to palm
57
Doris flexion
Wrists pointing upwards
58
Response of the skeleton to exercise (immediate): short term exercise session or a warm up
Bones: increase intake of minerals Increase and strengthen the bones - preventing injury Joints: increase pliability to allow movement Increase production of synovial fluid as of an increase in temperature.
59
Skeletons adaptations to exercise (long term period of training)(6sessions)
Bones: strong due to increased intake of minerals Ligaments: become strong to cope with stronger bones Synovial fluid: repeated production of synovial fluid nourishes the articulation cartilage
60
Role of vitamin d
Regulated the calcium in the body produces from sunlight also in foods such as fish and eggs

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