Skeletal System Flashcards
The human skeleton is divided into two descriptive region
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones
Joints
Ligaments
Cartilages
Functions of the bones (5)
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
Two types of bone
Compact bone
Spongy bone
is a relatively solid mass of bone,
commonly seen as a supericial layer of bone, that provides strength.
Compact bone
It is a less dense trabeculated network of bone spicules making up the substance of most bones and surrounding an inner marrow cavity.
Spongy bone
Classification of bones
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
______ - Longer than wide, have shaft
Ex: ______, ______
Long bones
• Humerus
• Femur
_____ - Cube shape, mostly contain spongy bone
Ex: ______, ______
Short bone
• carpals
• tarsals
______ - Thin and flattened layers of bone
Ex: _______
Flat bones
• Parietal bone
______ - bones that don’t have regular shape.
Ex: ______
Irregular bones
• pelvic girdle/hip
Gross anatomy of long bone
(Long bones are divided into the following descriptive regions )
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysial plate
Epiphysis
The shaft of a long bone, which
represents the primary ossication center and the site where growth in width occurs.
Diaphysis
The site where the bone’s shaft joins
the epiphysis and epiphysial plate.
Metaphysis
The site of growth in length;
it contains cartilage in actively growing bones
Epiphysial plate
The ends of long bones, which develop from secondary ossication centers.
Epiphysis
Structure of the long bone
Periosteum
Sharpey’s fiber
Arteries
Articular cartilage
Medullary cavity
Outer covering of diaphysis
Periosteum
It secure periosteum
Sharpey’s fiber
It supply bone cells with nutrients
Arteries
- decreases friction
- location of articulation
Articular cartilage
- primary space in the diaphysis
- cavity of the shaft
Medullary cavity
- surface features of bones
- sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligamen
- passage of nerves and blood vessels
Bone markings (landmark)
Categories of bone markings
• Projections and processes
• Depression or cavities
It grow out from the bone surface
Projections and processes
Indentations
Depression or cavities
______ - Bone to bone
______ - muscle to bone
Ligament
Tendon
Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment
(TCT LTE SP)
Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Spine
Process
A large, rounded eminence that may
be coarse or rough.
Tuberosity
A bony prominence that may be sharp or blunt.
Process
Narrow ridge of bone: usually prominent
Crest
A sharp process projecting from a bone.
Spine
Large, blunt process for muscle
tendon or ligament attachment.
Trochanter
A prominent ridge or eminence
superior to a condyle.
Epicondyle
Narrow ridge of bone: less prominent that a crest
Line
Small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
Projections that help to form joints
(HFCR)
Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus
Bone expansion carried on a narrow neck
Head
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Facet
Rounded articular projection
Condyle
Armlike bar or bone
Ramus
Depression and openings allowing blood vessels and nerve to pass
(MSF GFF)
Meatus
Sinus
Fossa
Groove
Fissure
Foramen
Canal like passageway
Meatus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Sinus
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
Furrow
Groove
Narrow, slitlike opening
Fissure
Round or oval opening through a bone
Foramen
Microscopic anatomy of bone
(OCP LLC)
Osteon
Central canal
Perforating canal
Lacunae
Lamellae
Canaliculi
A unit of bone
Osteon
- opening in the center of an osteon
- carries blood vessels and nerves
Central canal
- canal perpendicular to the central canal
- carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating canal
- cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
- arranged in concentric rings
Lacunae
- tiny canals, radiate from the central canal to lacunae
- form a transport system
Canaliculi
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily __________
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas like: ____, ____, _____
• hyaline cartilage
• bridge of the nose
• parts of ribs
• joints
It is the process of bone formation
Ossification
2 major phases of ossification
- Hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix.
- Enclosed cartilage hyaline model is digested away, opening up medullar cavity
The process by which the bone increases diame
Appositional growth
Bones are remodeled continually in response to changes in two factors:
- Calcium levels in the blood
- The pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
Mature bones
Osteocytes
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
Bone destroying cells
Osteoclasts
A process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone remodeling
Break in the bone
Bone fracture
Break does not penetrate the skin
Closed fracture (simple fracture)
Broken penetrates the skin
Open fracture (compound fracture)
Common types of fracture
(CCD ISG)
Comminuted
Compression
Depressed
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick
Bone breaks into many fragments
Comminuted
Bones breaks incompletely
Greensti
Bone is crushed
Compression
Reged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone
Spiral
Broken bone portion is pressed inward
Depressed
Broken bone ends are forced into each other
Impacted
Type of bone fractures
(no meaning)
Transverse
Linear
Oblique, nondisplaced
Oblique, displaced
Spiral
Greenstick
Comminuted
Stages in healing of the bone fractures
Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilage formation
Bone callus formation
Bone remodeling
It forms the longitudinal axis of the body
Axial skeleton
Two sets of bones in the skull
Cranium
Facial bones
• Bones are joined by ______
• Only the ______ is attached by a freely movable joint
Sutures
Mandible
It is composed of 8 large flat bones
Cranium
It forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows and the superior part of each eyes’ orbit
Frontal bone
Form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium
Parietal bone
_________ - lies inferior to the parietal bones; they join them at the ________
Temporal bone
Squamous suture
Biggest part of the skull
Foramen Magnum
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses