Skeletal System Flashcards
describe the main bones of the skull
visible bones
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
- cranial vault
- mandible
- maxilla
floor of the skull
- sphenoid bone
- occipital
- temporal
sphenoid, temporal and maxilla are joined by
- zygomatic
- nasal
- palatine
- vomer
- lacrimal
- ethmoid
describe how adult skulls differ from newborn skulls
flat bones are the cranial vault are not yet fully calcified
separated by sheets of cartilage called fontanelles to allow the head to be passed through the birth canal
provides fewer limitations on the rapidly growing brain
identify the vertebral column, and the features of the vertebrae
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5 fused
coccyx - 4-6 fused
typical vertebrae
- vertebral body, pedicles, lamina, tranverse processes, spinous processes, superior articular process, inferior articular process
- under each pedicle is a vertebral notch, when two vertebrae are stacked a hole is formed called the intervertebral foramen
- between pedicles and lamina of each vertebrae is the vertebral foramen, when they are stacked this becomes the intervertebral canal, where the spinal cord lies
atypical
- transverse foramina (cervical)
- superior, inferior and transverse costal facets (thoracic)
- mamillary processes (lumbar)
describe the shoulder girdle
clavicle, scapula and humerous contribute to the shoulder complex
clavicle
- sternal end
- acromial end
scapula
- spine
- acromion process
- coracoid process
- glenoid fossa
- supraspinal fossa
- infraspinous fossa
the shoulder joint
- glenohumeral joint, between the glenoid fossa and the humerus
identify the main features of the humerus and what are the clinical problems that can occur with it
- head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercule, intertubercular sulcus (groove), medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, trochlea, capitellum
- surgical neck is the clinical point
- fractures here
- close to axillary nerve, if there is damage, the patient cannot hold shoulder at 90 degree of adbduction
name each of the bones of the pelvis which are fused to form the hemi pelvis. what holds them together
each hemi pelvis is formed from the fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis
hemipelves are held anteriorly by pubic symphysis
hemipelves held together posteriorly where the sacrum is wedged between the ilia which forms sacroiliac joints on either side
name the main features of the femur. what is osteoporisis and why is the femur affected by this condition
- head, neck, greater and lesser trochanter
- medial and lateral condyls
osteoporosis is weakened bones due to loss of mineral content
- neck is fractured
- lack of local vasculature, nutrition and exercise can lead to this
describe patella
lies between the femoral condyls on the anterior surface of the knee joint
primarly drives to prevent excessive rotation of the femur and increase mechanical advantage of the quadriceps femoris muscles
describe the leg bones, their key features and what they form at the ankle joint
tibia
- larger of the two
- flat proximal surface called the tibial plateau
- tibial tuberosity is a bump on the front of the leg where the quadriceps femoris muscles are attached via the patella tendon
fibula
- thinner bone
- not directly associated with the knee
tibial forms medial malleolus
fibula forms lateral malleolus
identify the key knee ligaments and how they may be injured
anterior cruciate ligament
- damaged through anterior translation of the tibia
posterior cruciate ligament
- damaged through posteior translation of the tibia
lateral collateral ligament
- increased varus force
medial collateral ligament
- increased valgus force
what are the quads and hamstrings
quadriceps femoris
- vastus medialis
- vastus lateralis
- vastus intermedius
- rectus femoris
- occupy anterior compartment of the thigh
- innervated by femoral nerve
- make quadriceps tendont that engulfs the patella
- extend the knee
hamstrings
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
- biceps femoris
- extend the hip and flex the knee
- innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve
name the major joints of the wrist and hand. which are most likely to be injured
radiocarpal joint
intercarpal joint
carpometacarpal joints
metacarpophalangeal joints
interphalangeal
hiltons law
- if a muscle crosses a joint, the innervation of the muscle will also supply the joint
- so radial, median and ulnar nerves are involved in these joints
injury
- interphalangeal joints and metacarpalphalangeal joints are most likely
describe the temperomandibular joint
formed close to the external opening of the ear
formed by
- condylar process of mandible
- temporal bone
- coronoid process of the mandible is a lever for the temporalis muscle to pull upon
muscles of mastication and their function
temporalis
- close jaw
masseter
- close jaw
lateral pterygoid
- jaw positioning
medial pterygoid
- jaw positioning
describe the different terminology for bones
markings
- where tendons, ligaments and fascia are connected
- arteries lie adjacent
formations
- passage of a tendon to improve leverage
capitulum
- rounded protuberance like seen on humerus
condyle
- large prominence providing structural support overlying hyaline cartilage like femurs
crest
- raised or prominent part of the edge of the bone
epicondyle
- rounded protuberance at the end of bones for ligaments, tendons and muscles
facet
- symmetrical synovial lined joints with a fibrous capsule that connects the articular facets of the vertebrae
foramen
- passage or opening between 2 cavities or holes in bone
fossa
- shallow depression in bone surface
groove
- narrow channel, depression or furrow
malleolus
- expanded projection or process at the distal end of the fibula and tibia at the level of the ankle
notch
- a depression in a bone that provides stabilisation to an adjacent articulating bone
protuberance
- a body part that bulges outward from a surface
trochanter
- a tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone
trochlea
- anatomical structure resembling a pully
tubercle
- small rounded projection
tuberosity
- a moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach
list the events in the gait cycle and the muscles that are active in each
A: heel strike
- gluteus maximus
- tibialis anterior
- posterior capsule
- initial contact
B: loading response
- quadriceps femoris
- foot is flat
C: midstance
- triceps surae
D: terminal stance
- triceps surae
- heel off the ground
E: preswing
- deep plantar flexors and flexors of the toes
- intrinsic foot muscles
- rectus femoris
- toe is off the ground
F: initial and midswing
- contralateral abductors of the hup
- iliopsoas and rectus femoris
G: terminal swing
- hamstring
- quad femoris
- tibialis anterior
stance is 60% of the gait cycle, swing phase is 40%
describe the types of joints and the classifications of joints
types
synovial
- extensive movement
- smooth cartilage
- synovial fluid in a capsule
fibrous joints
- no synovial cavity
- joint is held together by dense connective tissue
cartilagenous joints
- no synovium
- little movement
- held together by cartilage
sutures
- no movement
- allow skull growth
syndesmoses
- dense connective tissue
- greater distance between articular surface
- fibrous joint between two bones, linked by ligaments and a strong membrane
- seen between the tibia and fibula
symphysis
- cartilagenous joint
- bone ends are covered by hyaline cartilage
- disc of fibrocartilage in between
- pelvis, sternum and ribs
synchondrosis
- primary cartilagenous joint
- hyaline cartilage completely joins together two bones
- immovable
synarthroses
- immovable joints
costochondral
- between costal cartilage and ribs
sternoclavicular
- sternum and clavicle
acromioclavicular
- acromion and clavicle
label the features of the mandible
