SKELETAL SYSTEM

Question 1

major supporting tissue of the body can bear weight due to rigidity. I strength.

Answer 1

SUPPORT
: BONES

Question 2

provide firm yet flexible support within the nose, external ear, thoracic cage, trachea. Not as rigid as bone rather they’ve firm yet flexible.
main air passage -trachea
active rib cage- thoracic cage
(whitish area)- cartilagenous part

Answer 2

SUPPORT
- CARTILAGES

Question 3

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach and hold bones together.
-Joints/ connects bones, bone to bone

Answer 3

SUPPORT
-LIGAMENTS

Question 4

hard, rigid structure that enclosed the organs ; surround Such as the skull (brain), vertebrae (spinal cord) f rib cage (heart, lungs, other organs of thorax)

Answer 4

PROTECTION
-BONES

Question 5

Strong bands of connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones allow movement of appendages.
attach muscle to bones, muscle to bones;
→ contracts muscle-shortens bending of arm.
- contract triceps -Lengthen

Answer 5

MOVEMENTS
-TENDONS

Question 6

2 or more bones come together allow movements between bones, can’t bend if there’s no articulation.
-Point of meeting/contact- tinabuan.
thumb - 1 joint; 2 bones
Index finger - 2 joints; 3 bones

Answer 6

MOVEMENTS
-Joint/Articulation

Question 7

allow restricted movement between bones.

connective tissue;

keep them on place

Answer 7

Movement
Ligaments

Question 8

Minerals in the blood that are stored in the bones.

Answer 8

STORAGE
Calcium and Phosphorus

Question 9

stored in bone cavities such as yellow bone marrow.

red bone marrow - found on the tip of the bone.

Answer 9

STORAGE
Adipose Tissue

Question 10

contained at the cavities of the epiphysis produce blood cells and platelets thru Hematopoiesis.

Answer 10

Blood Cells Production

Question 11

process of production of blood cells.

Answer 11

Hematopoiesis

Question 12

ends of the long bone / enlarge widen parts of each tip or end.
Found red bone marrow.

Answer 12

Epiphysis

Question 13

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS

Answer 13

Outer osteocytes

Question 14

tuogh, ropelike protein; present in bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage.

Answer 14

Collagen
Under sa extracellular matrix components

Question 15

large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached to core proteins that can attract & retain large amounts of water between their polysaccharide; makes cartilage smooth & resilient &excellent shock absorber.
Resilient means flexible or back to original shape.

Answer 15

Proteoglycan
Under sa extracellular matrix components

Question 16

Proteo means( ) glycan means ( )

Answer 16

Protein
Carbohydrates or glucose

Question 17

calcium and phosphate; present in bones in the form of calcium phosphate crystal called hydroxyapatite giving (compresion) weight-bearing strength.

Answer 17

MINERALS
umder sa extracellular matrix components

Question 18

form of calcium phosphate crystal called

Answer 18

Hydroxyapatite

Question 19

CATEGORIES OF BONES BASED ON SHAPE

Answer 19

-Long bones
-Short bones
-Flat bones
- Irregular bones

Question 20

longer than they are wide’, bones of the upper & lower limbs.
There’s epiphysis to consider
longer that its width; length more than width.
ex. limbs, femur
-ribs not

Answer 20

Long bones

Question 21

INFO

Answer 21

toddler around 300 bones: Adult 206 bones— joint together - decreased no. of bones.

Question 22

as wide as they’re long”, bones of wrist and ankle.
-width almost the same as height
Ex-
Carpals- 16 bones - 2 hands (8 per hand) → Under sa wrist.
Tarsal- 7 per foot (total 14) -> under sa ankle.

Answer 22

SHORT BONES

Question 23

relatively thin, flattened shape; some skull bones, ribs, scapulae, sternum

Answer 23

FLAT BONES

Question 24

vertebrae & facial bones.
↓
entire spinal cord
-no definite shape; EX. sikag ka isda, cheek bones”zygomatic bone”
lower Jaw bone (‘mandible”),
Upper jaw (maxilla”).

Answer 24

IRREGULAR BONES

Question 25

central shaft with medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow.

Answer 25

Diaphysis

Question 26

two ends containing red bone marrow.

Answer 26

Epiphysis

Question 27

thin layer covering of epiphyses.
avoid rubbing / friction between bones.

Answer 27

Articular Cartilage

Question 28

Compose of cartilage & is the site of growth in bone length.

Answer 28

Epiphyseal Plate or Growth plate

Question 29

replaces epiphyseal plate when bone growth stops.

Answer 29

Epiphyseal Lines

Question 30

dense connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone.

Peripheral/sides →Bone

Answer 30

Periosteum

Question 31

thinner connective tissue that lines the surface of the medullary cavity.

→inside

Answer 31

Endosteum

Question 32

bone-forming cells for bone formation, repair & remodeling of bone, found in periosteum & endosteum.
↓
Building

Answer 32

Osteoblasts

Question 33

bone cells; Osteoblasts that have become surrounded by matrix.

Answer 33

Osteocytes

Question 34

bone-destroying cells, remove existing bone called bone reabsortion for repair of remodelling.

Answer 34

Osteoclasts

Question 35

2 Types of Bones based on
Histological Structure:

Answer 35

1.)Compact or Cortical Bone
2.) Spongy or Cancellous Bone

Question 36

mostly solid matrix; dense; located in diaphysis; consists of osteons/Haversian Canal System. → find blood vessels and nerves
No pores/openings

Answer 36

Contical or Compact Bone

Question 37

consists of a lacy network of bone with many small, marrow-filled
spaces; located in the epiphyses & lines the medullary cavity; consists of trabeculae (beams)
- no central canal/ blood vessels and nerves.

Answer 37

Spongy or Cancellous Bone

Question 38

– contain blood vessels

Answer 38

Central or Haversian Canal

Question 39

–concentric rings

Answer 39

Lamellae

Question 40

– location of osteocytes

Answer 40

 Lacunae

Question 41

– bone cells

Answer 41

 Osteocytes

Question 42

– connects osteocytes together by
cell processes

Answer 42

 Canaliculi

Question 43

found in spongy bone
 delicate interconnecting rods or plates of
bone, resembling beams of a building
 add strength to a bone
 marrow fill spaces between trabeculae
 usually w/o blood vessels & central canals

Answer 43

Trabeculae

Question 44

occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in connective tissue membranes.
 process begins in areas called ossification centers where trabeculae radiate out from
 trabeculae may enlarge or be replaced by compact bone e.g. skull

Answer 44

Intramembranous Ossification

Question 45

 Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage.
 process through which the base of the skull and most of the remaining skeletal system develop.
 starts off with cartilage models having thebgeneral shape of the bone.

Answer 45

Endochondral Ossification

Question 46

– hole in a bone

Answer 46

Foramen

Question 47

– a hole that has elongated into a tunnellike passage

Answer 47

Canal or Meatus

Question 48

– depression in a bone

Answer 48

Fossa

Question 49

– lump on a bone

Answer 49

Tubercle or Tuberosity

Question 50

– projection from a bone

Answer 50

Process

Question 51

– smooth rounded end of
bone where it forms an articulation
w/ another

Answer 51

Condyle

Question 52

 involves the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts; occurs in all bones

– Responsible for:
 bone growth
 changes in bone shape
 the adjustment of bone to stress
 bone repair
 calcium ion regulation in the body fluids

Answer 52

Bone Remodeling