Skeletal System Flashcards
functions of the skeletal system
Support & movement, encasement and protection (skull, rib cage, pelvis), hemopoiesis (production of blood cells in red bone marrow), lipid storage in yellow bone marrow, mineral balance and storage (balance of Ca2+ and hormone action/physical activity)
Osteoblasts
Build/deposit new bone by secreting osteoid
Osteocysts
Osteoblasts that become trapped in the osteoid. Reside in the small spaces called lacunae, acts as a ctrl center
Osteoclasts
Break down and absorb old bone
Flat bones
spongy bone sandwiched btwn 2 layers of cortical bone: skull, ribs,sternum
Irregular bones
Complex: vertebrae, facial bones
Sesamoid bones
develop within a muscle tendon; generally variable in #: patella, base of thumb/great toe
Short bones
Boxline- as wide as they are tall. Thin shell of corticle bone surrounding spongy bone: wrist bones (carpal), foot/ankle (tarsals)
Long bones
longer than they are wide, tubular, all limb bones are long bones: diaphysis (shaft)- mainly compact bone, metaphysis- flared region, epiphysis- proximal distal ends; contains spongy bone in adults
Intramembrane ossification
process of laying down bone in an existing membrane: 2 steps! 1) mesenchyme embryo forms 2) converted to bone 3) form flat bones of skull-parietals, frontals
Endochondral ossification
Forms bone within the cartilage model: 3 step process! 1_ mesenchyme layer of embryo forms 2) converted to cartilage 3) replaced by bone 4) forms the majority of the bones in our body including long bones, pelvis, vertebral column, etc.
4 main steps of bone fracture repair
1)hematoma forms around fracture 2) soft callus forms 3) hard callus forms 4) hard callus is remodeled
Axial skeleton
trunk, head, and neck
Appendicular skeleton
Form limbs, attaches to axial skeleton through girdles
List and describe 3 spinal curvature abnormalities
1) kyphosis (excessive anterior curvature 2) Lordosis (excessive posterior curvature) 3) Scoliosis (excessive lateral curvature w/ some rotation)
Features unique to cervical vertebra
have transverse foramina in their transverse processes to allow for the passage of the vertebral artery
Unique of throacic vertebra
All articular w/ ribs/paired, 12, long, aponous process point inferiorly
Unique of lumbar vertebra
5 total (L1-L5), large kidney bean bodies, broad, blunt spinous process, short transverse processes, superior/inferior articulating processes curve medially
Specify the bony opening that transmit the vertebral artery
cervical (C3-6) allow for passage of the artery
Describe the unique features of the atypical vertebrae C1, C2, C7
C1 (ATLAS)- no vertebral body and attaches occipital condyles to attack to the neck; atlanto-occipital joint, C2( Axis) –> 2nd cervical, dens, allows for rotation of head on neck, C7 (vertebral promenins) –> most inferior of the cervical vertebrae. Spinous process is unique and you can feel this on your neck
True Ribs
Ribs 1-7 are directly attached to the sternum through individ costal cartilages
False ribs
8-10; are attached to the sternum via the costal cartilage of rib 7
Floating ribs
11-12; have no anterior attachment to the sternum
Describe the general location and function of hyoid bone
Located in the anterior neck region, right below the mandible. Bc of its location, it’s usually reviewed along the skull bones although it doesnt directly connect to any of the skull bones
List 2 bones that make up the pectoral girdle
Clavicle and scapula
Describe the shape of the clavicle and describe its location in anatomical terms
shaped like an S; prone to fracture @ the curve, palpable, “collar bone”
Describe the anatomical location of the acromial and sternal ends of the clavicle
a)medial sternal end articulates w/ the sternum b) lateral acromial end articulates w/ the scapula
Identify the location of common clavicle fractures
Prone to fracture @ the curve
Describe the shape of the scapula and describe its location in anatomical terms
a) triangular bone in the posterior upper thorax b) many fossae and processes for articulations and attachments
List 4 similarities btwn the upper and lower limb bones
girdle, # and distribution of bones, small bones of foot and hand, bony processes
List the bones that form the pelvic girdle
left and right hip (coxal) bones form the pelvic girdle
List the 3 bony regions that together form the coxalbone (hip, ox coxae bone) including their location and size
a) ilium: largest, superior b)Ischium: inferior, posterior c) pubis: smallest, inferior, anterior
List the large depression and the smaller ear shaped surface found on the medial view/surface of the ilium
a)auricular surface (ear-shaped) b) iliac fossa (large medial depression)
List the bony region of the coxal bone when the hands are placed on the hips
iliac crest
List the anatomical feature of the ischium described as the “sits bone”
ischial tuberosity
List the major proximal bony features of the femur
head, neck, greater trochanter: large, lateral, lesser trochanter: medial, smaller
List the major distal bony features of the femur
medial and lateral (palpable), medial and lateral condyles: large, round, most distal, patellar surface: in between condyles, anterior femur
List the prominent posterior ridge of bone found on the posterior femur
linea aspera: vertical ridge of bone
List the anatomical name of the kneecap + its general shape and location
kneecap bone, triangular, fits into patellar surface of the femur
List the two bones of the leg or crural region and compare their location and size
a) tibia: shine bone, large (exposed shaft) b) Fibula (lateral): thin and bears little weight, supports ankle
Compare the position of the pollex to the hallux in anatomical position
i) pollex, thumb - lateral ii) hallux, great toe- medial
Synarthrosis
a)No movement, most stable b) bones are held close tg. space is filled w/ cartilage or CT (ie. cranial sutures, joint btwn epiphysis and diaphysis)
Amphiarthrosis
Small amt of movement, ie. pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc joints
diathrosis
free movement, ie. all major joints, *all synovial joints are diarthodial joints most common
Fibrous- Structural joint type
held tg by fibrous CT, most synarthrodial, ie. cranial sutures, syndesmoses (radial ulna, tibia, fibula), gomphoses (holds teeth in their socket)
Cartilaginous - structural joint type
held tg by cartilage, 2 types of joints: primary (synchondrosis ) & secondary (symphysis)
primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis )
epiphyseal plates in growing bones, held tg by hyaline cartilage
Secondary cartilaginous (symphysis)
pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc joints, allows for small movement
Synovial - structural joint type
classified as diarthrodial, free movements, most common. Feature in common- joint capsule, synovial joints, joint cavity, articulating cartilage
Types of synovial joints
1) ball +socket: shoulder/hip 2) hinge: elbow/knee 3) pivot: atlanto-axial 4) plane (gliding): acromioclavicular, zygaphosyeal (facet), costovertebral
Flexion
decreases joint angle (ie. bending your elbow/touch your toes), results in forward movement (except for the lower limb)
extension
increases joint angle, ie. straightening the elbow, doing a backbend, results in a bakward movement
