Skeletal System

Question 1

functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

Support & movement, encasement and protection (skull, rib cage, pelvis), hemopoiesis (production of blood cells in red bone marrow), lipid storage in yellow bone marrow, mineral balance and storage (balance of Ca2+ and hormone action/physical activity)

Question 2

Osteoblasts

Answer 2

Build/deposit new bone by secreting osteoid

Question 3

Osteocysts

Answer 3

Osteoblasts that become trapped in the osteoid. Reside in the small spaces called lacunae, acts as a ctrl center

Question 4

Osteoclasts

Answer 4

Break down and absorb old bone

Question 5

Flat bones

Answer 5

spongy bone sandwiched btwn 2 layers of cortical bone: skull, ribs,sternum

Question 6

Irregular bones

Answer 6

Complex: vertebrae, facial bones

Question 7

Sesamoid bones

Answer 7

develop within a muscle tendon; generally variable in #: patella, base of thumb/great toe

Question 8

Short bones

Answer 8

Boxline- as wide as they are tall. Thin shell of corticle bone surrounding spongy bone: wrist bones (carpal), foot/ankle (tarsals)

Question 9

Long bones

Answer 9

longer than they are wide, tubular, all limb bones are long bones: diaphysis (shaft)- mainly compact bone, metaphysis- flared region, epiphysis- proximal distal ends; contains spongy bone in adults

Question 10

Intramembrane ossification

Answer 10

process of laying down bone in an existing membrane: 2 steps! 1) mesenchyme embryo forms 2) converted to bone 3) form flat bones of skull-parietals, frontals

Question 11

Endochondral ossification

Answer 11

Forms bone within the cartilage model: 3 step process! 1_ mesenchyme layer of embryo forms 2) converted to cartilage 3) replaced by bone 4) forms the majority of the bones in our body including long bones, pelvis, vertebral column, etc.

Question 12

4 main steps of bone fracture repair

Answer 12

1)hematoma forms around fracture 2) soft callus forms 3) hard callus forms 4) hard callus is remodeled

Question 13

Axial skeleton

Answer 13

trunk, head, and neck

Question 14

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 14

Form limbs, attaches to axial skeleton through girdles

Question 15

List and describe 3 spinal curvature abnormalities

Answer 15

1) kyphosis (excessive anterior curvature 2) Lordosis (excessive posterior curvature) 3) Scoliosis (excessive lateral curvature w/ some rotation)

Question 16

Features unique to cervical vertebra

Answer 16

have transverse foramina in their transverse processes to allow for the passage of the vertebral artery

Question 17

Unique of throacic vertebra

Answer 17

All articular w/ ribs/paired, 12, long, aponous process point inferiorly

Question 18

Unique of lumbar vertebra

Answer 18

5 total (L1-L5), large kidney bean bodies, broad, blunt spinous process, short transverse processes, superior/inferior articulating processes curve medially

Question 19

Specify the bony opening that transmit the vertebral artery

Answer 19

cervical (C3-6) allow for passage of the artery

Question 20

Describe the unique features of the atypical vertebrae C1, C2, C7

Answer 20

C1 (ATLAS)- no vertebral body and attaches occipital condyles to attack to the neck; atlanto-occipital joint, C2( Axis) –> 2nd cervical, dens, allows for rotation of head on neck, C7 (vertebral promenins) –> most inferior of the cervical vertebrae. Spinous process is unique and you can feel this on your neck

Question 21

True Ribs

Answer 21

Ribs 1-7 are directly attached to the sternum through individ costal cartilages

Question 22

False ribs

Answer 22

8-10; are attached to the sternum via the costal cartilage of rib 7

Question 23

Floating ribs

Answer 23

11-12; have no anterior attachment to the sternum

Question 24

Describe the general location and function of hyoid bone

Answer 24

Located in the anterior neck region, right below the mandible. Bc of its location, it’s usually reviewed along the skull bones although it doesnt directly connect to any of the skull bones

Question 25

List 2 bones that make up the pectoral girdle

Answer 25

Clavicle and scapula

Question 26

Describe the shape of the clavicle and describe its location in anatomical terms

Answer 26

shaped like an S; prone to fracture @ the curve, palpable, “collar bone”

Question 27

Describe the anatomical location of the acromial and sternal ends of the clavicle

Answer 27

a)medial sternal end articulates w/ the sternum b) lateral acromial end articulates w/ the scapula

Question 28

Identify the location of common clavicle fractures

Answer 28

Prone to fracture @ the curve

Question 29

Describe the shape of the scapula and describe its location in anatomical terms

Answer 29

a) triangular bone in the posterior upper thorax b) many fossae and processes for articulations and attachments

Question 30

List 4 similarities btwn the upper and lower limb bones

Answer 30

girdle, # and distribution of bones, small bones of foot and hand, bony processes

Question 31

List the bones that form the pelvic girdle

Answer 31

left and right hip (coxal) bones form the pelvic girdle

Question 32

List the 3 bony regions that together form the coxalbone (hip, ox coxae bone) including their location and size

Answer 32

a) ilium: largest, superior b)Ischium: inferior, posterior c) pubis: smallest, inferior, anterior

Question 33

List the large depression and the smaller ear shaped surface found on the medial view/surface of the ilium

Answer 33

a)auricular surface (ear-shaped) b) iliac fossa (large medial depression)

Question 34

List the bony region of the coxal bone when the hands are placed on the hips

Answer 34

iliac crest

Question 35

List the anatomical feature of the ischium described as the “sits bone”

Answer 35

ischial tuberosity

Question 36

List the major proximal bony features of the femur

Answer 36

head, neck, greater trochanter: large, lateral, lesser trochanter: medial, smaller

Question 37

List the major distal bony features of the femur

Answer 37

medial and lateral (palpable), medial and lateral condyles: large, round, most distal, patellar surface: in between condyles, anterior femur

Question 38

List the prominent posterior ridge of bone found on the posterior femur

Answer 38

linea aspera: vertical ridge of bone

Question 39

List the anatomical name of the kneecap + its general shape and location

Answer 39

kneecap bone, triangular, fits into patellar surface of the femur

Question 40

List the two bones of the leg or crural region and compare their location and size

Answer 40

a) tibia: shine bone, large (exposed shaft) b) Fibula (lateral): thin and bears little weight, supports ankle

Question 41

Compare the position of the pollex to the hallux in anatomical position

Answer 41

i) pollex, thumb - lateral ii) hallux, great toe- medial

Question 42

Synarthrosis

Answer 42

a)No movement, most stable b) bones are held close tg. space is filled w/ cartilage or CT (ie. cranial sutures, joint btwn epiphysis and diaphysis)

Question 43

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 43

Small amt of movement, ie. pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc joints

Question 44

diathrosis

Answer 44

free movement, ie. all major joints, *all synovial joints are diarthodial joints most common

Question 45

Fibrous- Structural joint type

Answer 45

held tg by fibrous CT, most synarthrodial, ie. cranial sutures, syndesmoses (radial ulna, tibia, fibula), gomphoses (holds teeth in their socket)

Question 46

Cartilaginous - structural joint type

Answer 46

held tg by cartilage, 2 types of joints: primary (synchondrosis ) & secondary (symphysis)

Question 47

primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis )

Answer 47

epiphyseal plates in growing bones, held tg by hyaline cartilage

Question 48

Secondary cartilaginous (symphysis)

Answer 48

pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc joints, allows for small movement

Question 49

Synovial - structural joint type

Answer 49

classified as diarthrodial, free movements, most common. Feature in common- joint capsule, synovial joints, joint cavity, articulating cartilage

Question 50

Types of synovial joints

Answer 50

1) ball +socket: shoulder/hip 2) hinge: elbow/knee 3) pivot: atlanto-axial 4) plane (gliding): acromioclavicular, zygaphosyeal (facet), costovertebral

Question 51

Flexion

Answer 51

decreases joint angle (ie. bending your elbow/touch your toes), results in forward movement (except for the lower limb)

Question 52

extension

Answer 52

increases joint angle, ie. straightening the elbow, doing a backbend, results in a bakward movement