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Anatomy and Physiology - Lecture > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

consists primarily of water, which accounts for its resilience

A

cartilage

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2
Q

contains no nerves or blood vessels

A

cartilage

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3
Q

surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium

A

cartilage

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4
Q

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage

A

perichondrium

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5
Q

3 types of cartilage in the body

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

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6
Q

look like frosted glass when freshly exposed

A

hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

provide support with flexibility and resilience

A

hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

Chondrocytes are spherical

A

hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

types of hyaline cartilages

A
  • articular cartilages
  • costal cartilages
  • respiratory cartilages
  • nasal cartilages
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10
Q

which cover the ends of most bones at movable joints

A

articular cartilages

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11
Q

which connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

A

costal cartilages

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12
Q

which form the skeleton of the larynx (voicebox) and reinforce other respiratory passageways

A

respiratory cartilages

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13
Q

which support the external nose

A

nasal cartilages

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14
Q
  • the external ear
  • the epiglottis
A

elastic cartilage

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15
Q

the flap that bends to cover the opening of the larynx each time we swallow

A

epiglottis

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16
Q

highly compressible with great tensile strength

A

fibrocartilages

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17
Q

consist of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers

A

fibrocartilages

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18
Q

Locations:
• padlike cartilages (menisci) of the knee
• discs between vertebrae

A

fibrocartilages

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19
Q

locations of fibrocartilages

A
  • padlike cartilages (menisci) of the knee
  • discs between vertebrae
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20
Q

cartilage grows in two ways:

A
  1. appositional growth
  2. interstitial growth
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21
Q

cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue

A

appositional growth

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22
Q

the lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

A

interstitial growth

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23
Q

how many bones in adult human skeleton

A

206

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24
Q

Based on location: The 206 named bones of the human skeleton are divided into two groups:

A

axial skeleton and appendiclar skeleton

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25
Q

forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

A

axial skeleton

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26
Q

protect, support, or carry other body parts.

A

axial skeleton

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27
Q

axial skeleton includes the

A

bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage

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28
Q

functions of axial skeleton

A

protect, support, or carry other body parts.

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29
Q

consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones)

A

appendicular skeleton

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30
Q

help us move from place to place (locomotion) and manipulate our environment.

A

appendicular skeleton

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31
Q

appendicular skeleton consists of the

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones)

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32
Q

functions of appendicular skeleton

A

help us move from place to place (locomotion)
and manipulate our environment.

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33
Q

classification of bones based on shape

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • sesamoid bones
  • sutural bones
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34
Q

longer than they are wide, has a shaft plus two ends which are often expanded

A

long bones

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35
Q

roughly cube shaped, sesamoid bones

A

short bones

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36
Q

thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved

A

flat bones

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37
Q

have complicated shapes

A

irregular bones

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38
Q

functions of bones

A
  1. Support.
  2. Protection.
  3. Movement.
  4. Mineral and growth factor storage.
  5. Blood cell formation.
  6. Triglyceride (fat) storage.
  7. Hormone production.
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39
Q

classification of bones based on textures

A

compact bone and spongy bone

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40
Q

external layer

A

compact bone

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41
Q

internal layer made up of honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae

A

spongy bone

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42
Q

honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called

A

trabeculae

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43
Q

general structure of long a typical long bone

A
  • shaft
  • bone ends
  • membranes
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44
Q

the shaft

A

Diaphysis

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45
Q

Surrounds a central medullary cavity

A

Diaphysis

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46
Q

contains yellow marrow in adults

A

medullary cavity

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47
Q

the diaphysis surrounds a central

A

medullary cavity

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48
Q

the diaphysis contains

A

yellow bone marrow

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49
Q

bone ends

A

epiphysis

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50
Q

covers the joint surface of each epiphysis

A

articular (hyaline) cartilage

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51
Q

in between diaphysis and each epiphysis

A

epiphyseal line

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52
Q

a glistening white, double-layered membrane, covers the external surface except joints

A

Periosteum

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53
Q

richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels

A

Periosteum

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54
Q

tufts of collagen fibers that secure the periosteum to the bone

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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55
Q

covers the external surface except joints

A

Periosteum

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56
Q

secures the periosteum to the bone

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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57
Q

covers internal bone surfaces

A

Endosteum

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58
Q

contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

A

Endosteum

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59
Q

location of red marrow

A

within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and flat bones

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60
Q

within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and flat bones

A

red marrow

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61
Q

hematopoietic

A

red marrow

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62
Q

fats

A

yellow marrow

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63
Q

location of yellow marrow

A

in the medullary cavity

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64
Q

stem cell

A

osteogenic cells

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65
Q

matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth

A

osteoblast

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66
Q

mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix

A

osteocyte

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67
Q

bone-resorbing cell

A

osteoclast

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68
Q

A unit of bone

A

Osteon (Haversian System)

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69
Q
  • Opening in the center of an osteon
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
A

Central (Haversian) canal

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70
Q
  • Canal perpendicular to the central canal
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
A

Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

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71
Q

looks like a poorly organized, even haphazard, tissue

A

spongy bone

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72
Q

align precisely along lines of stress and help the bone resist stress

A

trabeculae in spongy bone

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73
Q

trabeculae contain irregularly arranged

A

lamellae

74
Q

trabeculae contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by

A

canaliculi

75
Q

in spongy bone, osteons are _______________

A

not present

76
Q

Organic Components of bones

A
  • cells
  • osteoid
77
Q

the organic part of the matrix

A

osteoid

78
Q

osteoid is composed of

A

ground substance and collagen fibers

79
Q

ground substance in osteoid is composed of

A

proteoglycans and glycoproteins

80
Q

Inorganic Components in bones are

A

mineral salts, largely calcium phosphates

81
Q

two types of bone development

A
  • Endochondral ossification
  • Intramembranous ossification
82
Q

a bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.

A

Endochondral ossification

83
Q

In endochondral ossification, a bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. The resulting bone is called a?

A

cartilage, or endochondral bone.

84
Q

a bone develops from a fibrous membrane

A

Intramembranous ossification

85
Q

in intramembranous ossification, a bone develops from a fibrous membrane and the bone is called a?

A

membrane bone

86
Q

Except for the clavicles, essentially all bones below the base of the skull form by

A

endochondral ossification

87
Q

what bones does endochondral ossification

A

all bones below the base of the skull

88
Q

endochondral ossification forms essentially all bones below the base of the skull except for the

A

clavicles

89
Q

Uses hyaline cartilage “bones” as models

A

endochondral ossification

90
Q

endochondral ossification in a long bone

A
  1. bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model
  2. cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
  3. the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
  4. the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. secondary ossfication centers appear in the epiphyses.
  5. the epiphyses ossify. when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
91
Q

forms the cranial bones of the skull (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones) and the clavicles

A

Intramembrenous ossification

92
Q

Intramembrenous ossification forms the

A

cranial bones of the skull (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones) and the clavicles

93
Q

Begins about week 8 of development

A

Intramembrenous ossification

94
Q

intramembranous ossification growth

A
  1. ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
    - selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center that produces the first trabeculae of spongy bone
  2. osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies
    - osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which calcifies in a few days
    - trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
  3. woven bone and periosteum form
    - accumulated osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels in a manner that results in a network (instead of concentric lamellae) of trabeculae called woven bone
    - vascularized mesynchyme condenses on the external surface of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum
  4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. red marrow appears
    - trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken. mature lamellar bone replaces them, forming compact bone plates.
    - spongy bone (diploe), consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow.
95
Q
  • long bones lengthen entirely by interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
  • all bones grow in thickness by appositional growth
  • most bones stop growing during adolescence
  • some facial bones, such as those of the nose and lower jaw continue to grow almost imperceptibly throughout life
A

Post natal bone development

96
Q

long bones lengthen entirely by

A

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

97
Q

all bones grow in thickness by

A

appositional growth

98
Q

most bones stop growing during

A

adolescence

99
Q

epiphyseal plate closure
- chondroblasts of the epiphyseal plates divide less often and the plates become thinner and thinner until they are entirely replaced by bone tissue
*epiphysis and diaphysis fuses
* about 18 years of age in females and 21 years of age in males

A

Growth in length of long bones

100
Q

_________________________ beneath the periosteum secrete bone matrix on the external bone surface

A

osteoblasts

101
Q

___________________________ on the endosteal surface of the diaphysis remove bone

A

osteoclasts

102
Q

During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is

A

growth hormone

103
Q

growth hormone is released by the

A

anterior pituitary gland

104
Q

bone deposit and bone resorption occur at the surfaces of both the

A

periosteum and the endosteum

105
Q

occur at the surfaces of both the periosteum and the endosteum

A

bone deposit and bone resorption

106
Q

After resorption osteoclasts undergoes

A

apoptosis

107
Q
  • Osteoclasts move along a bone surface, digging depressions or grooves as they break down the bone matrix.
  • osteoclast secretes lysosomal enzymes that digest the organic matrix and protons (H+)
  • Resorption converts the calcium salts into soluble forms
  • After resorption osteoclasts undergoes apoptosis
A

Bone Resorption

108
Q

hoe does bone resorption occur

A
  • Osteoclasts move along a bone surface, digging depressions or grooves as they break down the bone matrix.
  • osteoclast secretes lysosomal enzymes that digest the organic matrix and protons (H+)
  • Resorption converts the calcium salts into soluble forms
  • After resorption osteoclasts undergoes apoptosis
109
Q
  • negative feedback hormonal loop that maintains Ca2+ homeostasis in the blood
  • responses to mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton
  • Calcium is absorbed from the intestine under the control of vitamin D metabolites
A

Control of Remodelling

110
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

what occurs if blood calcium level is high?

A

severe neuromuscular problems ranging from nonresponsiveness to inability to function

111
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

what occurs if blood calcium level is low?

A

Hypercalcemia

112
Q

sustained high blood levels of Ca2+ can lead to undesirable deposits of calcium salts in the blood vessels, kidneys, and other soft organs, which may hamper their function

A

Hypercalcemia

113
Q

holds that a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it

A

Wolff’s law

114
Q

determine whether and when remodeling occurs in response to changing blood calcium levels.

A

Hormonal controls

115
Q

determines where remodeling occurs.

A

Mechanical stress

116
Q

Bone Repair
Fractures may be classified by:

A
  1. Position of the bone ends after fracture
  2. Completeness of the break
  3. Whether the bone ends penetrate the skin
117
Q

Position of the bone ends after fracture:

A
  • nondisplaced fractures
  • displaced fractures
118
Q

Completeness of the break:

A
  • complete fracture
  • incomplete fracture
119
Q

Whether the bone ends penetrate the skin:

A
  • open (compound) fracture
  • closed (simple) fracture
120
Q

the bone ends retain their normal position

A

nondisplaced fractures

121
Q

the bone ends are out of normal alignment

A

displaced fractures

122
Q

If the bone is broken through, the fracture is a

A

complete fracture

123
Q

If the bone is NOT broken through, the fracture is a

A

incomplete fracture

124
Q

if the bone ends penetrate the skin, it is a

A

open (compound) fracture

125
Q

if the bone ends do NOT penetrate the skin, it is a

A

closed (simple) fracture

126
Q

bone fragments into three or more pieces

A

comminuted

127
Q

particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle

A

comminuted

128
Q

bone is crushed

A

compression

129
Q

common in porous bones (ex. osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall

A

compression

130
Q

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

A

spiral

131
Q

common sports fracture

A

spiral

132
Q

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

A

epiphyseal

133
Q

tends to occur where cartilage cells are are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring

A

epiphyseal

134
Q

broken bone portion is pressed inward

A

depressed

135
Q

typical of skull fracture

A

depressed

136
Q

bones break incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. only one side of the shaft breaks; the other side bends

A

greenstick

137
Q

common in children, whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults

A

greenstick

138
Q

Treatment involves ______________, the realignment of the broken bone ends.

A

reduction

139
Q

the realignment of the broken bone ends

A

reduction

140
Q

the physician’s hands coax the bone ends into position

A

closed (external) reduction

141
Q

the bone ends are secured together surgically with pins or wires

A

open (internal) reduction

142
Q

stages in the healing of a bone fracture

A
  1. a hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. bony callus forms
  4. bone remodeling occurs
143
Q

includes a number of disorders in which the bones are poorly mineralized

A

Osteomalacia (“soft bones”)

144
Q

symptom of Osteomalacia

A

pain when weight is put on the affected bones

145
Q

is the analogous disease of osteomalacia in children is

A

Rickets

146
Q

symptom of Rickets

A

Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage

147
Q

Causes of Osteomalacia and Rickets

A

insufficient calcium in the diet or by a vitamin D deficiency

148
Q

cure to Osteomalacia and Rickets

A

Drinking vitamin D– fortified milk and exposing the skin to sunlight (which spurs the body to form vitamin D) usually cure these disorders.

149
Q

is hastily made and has an abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone

A

Pagetic bone

150
Q

characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

A

Paget’s Disease

151
Q

causes weakening of the bones

A

Paget’s Disease

152
Q

are most often involved and become increasingly deformed and painful

A

spine, pelvis, femur, and skull

153
Q

cause of Paget’s Disease is

A

unknown but a virus may trigger it

154
Q

rarely occurs before age 40

A

Paget’s Disease

155
Q

prevents bone breakdown

A

Drug therapies include calcitonin

156
Q

refers to a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit

A

Osteoporosis

157
Q

bones become so fragile

A

Osteoporosis

158
Q

bone mass declines and the bones become porous and light

A

Osteoporosis

159
Q

Osteoporosis is vulnerable to

A

compression fractures of the vertebrae, broken hip

160
Q
  • most often in the aged, particularly in postmenopausal women
  • estrogen deficiency is strongly implicated in osteoporosis in older women
A

Osteoporosis

161
Q

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

A
  • most often in the aged, particularly in postmenopausal women
  • estrogen deficiency is strongly implicated in osteoporosis in older women
162
Q

Several other factors can contribute to osteoporosis:

A
  • Petite body form
  • Insufficient exercise to stress the bones
  • A diet poor in calcium and protein
  • Abnormal vitamin D receptors
  • Smoking (which reduces estrogen levels)
  • Hormone-related conditions such as hyperthyroidism, low blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, and diabetes mellitus
163
Q

Treating Osteoporosis

A
  • calcium and vitamin D supplements
  • weight-bearing exercise
  • hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT
164
Q

Drugs for Treating Osteoporosis

A
  • Bisphosphonates
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
  • statins
  • denosumab
165
Q

decrease osteoclast activity and number, and partially reverse osteoporosis in the spine

A

Bisphosphonates

166
Q

such as raloxifene, mimic estrogen’s beneficial bone-sparing properties without targeting the uterus or breast.

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

167
Q

drugs used to lower cholesterol levels, have an unexpected side effect of increasing bone mineral density up to 8% over four years

A

statins

168
Q

significantly reduces fractures in men fighting prostate cancer and improves bone density in the elderly

A

monoclonal antibody drug denosumab

169
Q

Preventing Osteoporosis

A
  • Get enough calcium while your bones are still increasing in density
  • Reduce intake of carbonated beverages and alcohol that leaches minerals from bone and decreases bone density
  • get plenty of weight-bearing exercise (walking, jogging, tennis, etc.)
170
Q

small bone commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces

A

sesamoid bones

171
Q

also known as Wormian bones

A

Sutural bones

172
Q

occur where the interlocking joints of the skull, called sutures, branch and isolate a small piece of bone

A

Sutural bones

173
Q

interlocking joints of the skull

A

sutures

174
Q

an unmineralized band bone matrix 10-12 micrometers wide

A

osteoid seam

175
Q

marks areas of new matrix deposits by osteoblasts

A

osteoid seam

176
Q

when Ca2+ product reaches a cirtain level, tiny crystals of _____________________ form

A

hydroxyapatite

177
Q

cartilage cells undergo mitosis

A

proliferation zone

178
Q

older cartilage cells enlarge

A

hypertrophic zone

179
Q

matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begings deteriorating; blood vessels invade cavity.

A

calcification zone

180
Q

new bone forms

A

ossification zone

181
Q

tiny canals readiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella

A

canaliculi

Anatomy and Physiology - Lecture (5 decks)

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