Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
5 functions of Bones
A
1) Protection (of organs, internal structures)
2) Support/Structure
3) Leverage and Movement (lever system)
4) Storage of Minerals and Triglycerides (fats)
5) Blood cell production
2
Q
6 types of Bones
A
- Long (greater length
than width) - Flat
- Sutural
- Irregular (complex
shapes) - Short (cube shaped)
- Sesamoid (shaped like a
sesame seed)
3
Q
Skeletal Divisions
A
- Axial (skull, spine, ribs)
- Apendicular - limbs
4
Q
Joints
A
- occur where two bones articulate (join)
- serve to provide a mix of stability and mobility
- type depends on its movement
5
Q
Types of Joint (6)
A
- saddle: synovial joint that supports flexion/extension and adduction/abduction
- plane-type: articulation of two nearly flat bones that only allow small gliding motions
- ball and socket: allow all motions and include a head sitting within a rounded out indent
- hinge: allow flex/ext
- pivot: allow rotation around a single axis
- condyloid: concave and convex bone articulation, allows abd/add, ext/flex, circumduction but no rotation
6
Q
Clavicle
A
- Joins the axial skeleton to the
appendicular skeleton - Articulates with sternum
(medial) and acromion of
scapula (lateral) - sternal end is smaller where the acromial end is larger
- The conoid tubercle is found on the inferior side towards the acromial end
- deltoid tubercle is above the coniod tubercle
- subclavian groove is the large ridge
7
Q
Sternoclavicular joint
A
- articulation of the medial clavicle and mandibrium of sternum
- saddle joint and therefore allows flex/ext and abd/add on the sagittal and coronal planes
- the articular disk acts as a shock absorber
- two ligaments are sternoclavicular and interclavicular
8
Q
Scapula (Posterior)
A
- spine: large ridge through the center
- supraspinous fossa: area above the spine
- infraspinous fossa: are below the spine
- Acromion: most lateral, almost an extension of the spine
9
Q
Scapula (Anterior)
A
- subscapular fossa: area across the front of the scapula
- Suprascapular notch: notch between the superior angle and the coracoid process
10
Q
Scapula (Lateral)
A
- Coracoid process: most anterior
- Glenoid cavity: a fossa or hole that articulates with the humerus
11
Q
Acromioclavicular joint
A
- articulation of the acromial clavical end and the acromion of the scapula
- it is a plane type joint that only allows some gliding
- Acromioclavicular ligament: coats the joint
- Coracoacromial ligament: coracoid process to acromion
- Coracoclavicular ligament
– Trapezoid ligament (lateral)
– Conoid ligament (medial
12
Q
Humerus
A
- Brachium of arm
13
Q
Glenohumeral joint
A
- articulates the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity (fossa) of scapula
- Ball and socket joint, very shallow and is meant for mobility over stability
- glenoid labrum intended to deepen the glenoid cavity for increased stability
- Glenohumeral ligament
- Coracohumeral ligament
- Coracoacromial ligament
14
Q
Ulna and Radius
A
- Antibrachium
15
Q
Humeroradial joint
A
- Capitulum of humerus
and head of radius articulate - Hinge joint
- Radial collateral ligament
16
Q
Humeroulnar joint
A
- Trochlea of humerus and
trochlear notch of ulna articulate - hinge joint
- ulnar collateral ligament
17
Q
Elbow joint
A
- humerus, radius, ulna
- hinge joint
18
Q
A
19
Q
Humeroradial joint
A
- Capitulum of humerus
and head of radius articulate - hinge joint
- radial collateral ligament
20
Q
Humeroulnar joint
A
- Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
- Hinge joint
- Ulnar collateral ligament
21
Q
Elbow joint
A
- humerus, radius, ulna
- hinge joint
22
Q
Radioulnar joint
A
Proximal
– Head of Radius
– Radial notch of Ulna
Distal
– Head of Ulna
– Ulnar notch of Radius
- Pivot joint where the radius rotates about the ulna at the distal aspect
- Annular ligament
23
Q
Radiocarpal joint
A
- articulates radius with the scaphoid and lunate
- condyloid joint
- Greater ulnar deviation (adduction)
vs. radial deviation (abduction)
24
Q
Carpal Bones
A
- of 8 in total, 4 are found in a proximal row and 4 in a distal row
- Some Lovers Tri Positions That They Can’t Handle = Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate - ordered proximal/lateral to distal/medial
25
Metacarpal bones
- numbered 1-5 (starting with the thumb)
- there is a base a shaft and a head for each
26
Phalanges
- 1st digit only has proximal and distal phalanx
- digits 2-5 have a distal, middle and proximal phalanx.
27
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints
- condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint
- metacarpal is convex and phalanx are concave
- they can flex/ext and add/abd
28
Movements of the Thumb
- Abd: holding a cup
- Add: making hand flat and skinny
- Ext: palm up pull thumb out
- Flex: touch your far callous
- Opposition: thumb to pinky
- Reposition: Return to flat
29
Pelvic Bones
- Os Coxae consist of ilium, ischium, pubis
- the socket of the hip is the acetabulum which stands for little vinegar cup and forms from all three os coxae bones
30
Pelvic Bones
- Pelvic basin is formed by the anterior (pubic symphysis) and posterior (sacrum/sacroiliac joint) union
- the sacrum is 5 fused vertebrae that begin to fuse at 15-17 with full fusion occurring in mid 20s
31
Sacroiliac joint
- syndesmosis (rough edge of bone bones held together by strong connective tissue)
- slight gliding and rotary movements
32
Pubic Symphysis
- symphysis joint (fibrocartilaginous pad fusion)
- superior and inferior pubic ligaments
- rectus abd. and oblique connect
33
Acetabulofemoral Joint
- articulation of head of femur and acetabulum
- ball and socket joint that is quite deep for stability over mobility
- ligaments are iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ishiofemoral
- Acetabular labrum deepens the joint
34
Femur
- longest bone in the body
- LIST ALL THE PARTS AFTER THE LAB ON THIS
35
Tibiofemoral joint
- "knee joint"
- articulates the distal femur condyles and the proximal tibia (plateau)
- this is a modified hige joint (condyloid) so it also has very slight rotations when the knee is not fully extended
- Anterior and Posterior cruciate ligament
- ACL prevents anterior tibial translation and hyperextension
- PCL prevents posterior tibial translation
- MCL prevents valgus or caving knees
- LCL prevents varus motion or bow knees
36
Menisci
- medial meniscus - c shaped
- lateral meniscus - circular shaped
- act to deepen the tibial plateau, increase stability, and provide cushion
37
Patella
- translates to little dish
- is a sesamoid bone
38
Patellofemoral joint
- distal femur (intercondylar groove) articulates with the patella
- gliding joint that helps with flex and ext of knee
- lateral facet is larger
39
Tibia
- supports majority of the body's weight
- Tibia articulates with distal
aspect of femur
40
Fibula
- supports only about 10% of the body's weight
- Fibula articulates with tibia and not the femur
41
Proximal tibiofibular joint
- anterior and posterior ligaments of fibular head
42
Distal tibiofibular joint
- anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament
43
Interosseous membrane (Tibiofibular joints)
- between the tibia and fibula
- allows for very little movement
44
Tarsals
- calcaneus: largest tarsal, heel bone
- talus: sits on top of the calcaneus
- Navicular: in front of talus
- Cuboid: most lateral tarsal in the front row
- medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform: make up the front row
45
Metatarsals
- labeled one to 5 starting at the big toe
46
Phalanges
- Similar to in the hand
- bid toes only has distal and proximal while all others also have a middle
47
Talocrural Joint
- talus, medial, and lateral malleolus (of tibia and fibula respectively)
- Hinge joint: plantar and dorsiflexion
48
Subtalar Joint
- talus and calcaneus
- condyloid joint
- inversion/eversion
49
Arches of foot
- medial longitudinal with navicular keystone
- lateral "" with cuboid keystone
- transverse with intermediate cuneiform and key
- keystone found in the middle
50
Normal Curvatures of the Spine
- primary curvatures are convex (how spine develops as a fetus)
- secondary curvatures are concave, and the first one comes as a newborn
51
Abnormal curvatures
- Kyphosis = hump or increased thoracic curvature
- Lordosis = bent backwards. increased lumbar curvature
52
Typical Vertebrae Landmarks
- Vertebral body - part that is able to stack one on top of the other
- Posterior portion is the spinous process with two transverse process to the side - these are here for ligaments and such to attach to
- Veritable foramen (hole) - they all line up for the spinal cord to pass through
53
Cervical Spine
- first seven vertebrae (top w/o rib attached)
- has a transverse foramen that allows neck arteries to pass blood to the brain
- Bifid spinous process meaning it has two little points at the end - this lets more tendons and ligaments attach because these are the small very mobile vertebrae
54
Atlas
- C1
- There is no body just a large whole to accommodate facet/dens
- Articulates w/ Occipital condyles
- No disc between C1 & Occiput
55
Axis
- C2
– Body & Odontoid process (dens)
– No disc between C1 & C2
56
Atlanto-occipital joint
- articulation of the atlas and occipital bone of skull
- allows for the yes movement (nodding) because of the divot shape
- alar ligament
57
Atlanto-occipital joint
- Articulation of Atlas and Axis
- Allows for the no motion
- Supported by transverse
ligament
58
Thoracic Spine
- Ribs can attach here (costal)
- Facets T1, T10, T11 and T12
- Demifacets T2-T9 (demifacets mean a rib is shared between two vertebrae)
59
Costovertebral joints
- head of rib articulates with costal (demi)facets
- synovial joint
- Radiate ligament
- Tubercle of rib articulates
with transverse facet
– Costotransverse ligament
60
Lumbar spine
- They are short and blunt
- Has a more blunt rounded transverse process
- Largest of the vertebral bodies (less mobility more stability)
61
Sacrum
- 5 fused vertebrae
- Ala (wings) articulate with ilium
62
Coccyx
- 4 fused vertebrae
– Vestigial tail
– Provides anchor for spinal cord
63
Intervertebral (IV) joints
- weight bearing symphysis joints
- IV discs provide
strong attachment
between vertebrae
– Act as shock absorbers
- Lots of cartilage (annulus fibrosus)
- Nucleus pulposus - jelly like inside
- Disk herniation - when annular tears squeezes all the jelly out to the back (usually occur to the posterior)
64
Spinal Ligaments
- Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament: Found on front of vertebral bodies all the way down spine
- Ligamentum flavum (Connects adjacent lamina)
- Interspinous ligament (Connects adjacent spinous process)
- Supraspinous Ligament
- Intertransverse
- Nuchal ligament: Only cervical, Much thicker, From external occipital to spinous processes of cervical spine
65
Zygapophyseal (facet)
joints
– Joints between superior and inferior
articular processes
– Synovial plane joints
– Articular processes of regional vertebrae oriented differently to allow for specific movements
66
