Skeletal System Flashcards
Function of skeletal system (bones, joints and muscles)
- forms body framework
- enables body to move
- protects and supports internal organs
- stores calcium, magnesium and produces blood cells
What type of tissue is the bone?
4 functions of the bone:
the bone is a specialised type of connective tissue
functions:
- haematopoiesis: formation of blood cells from haematopoietic stem cells found in bone marrow
- lipid and mineral storage: bone is a reservoir holding adipose tissue within the bone marrow and calcium within the hydroxyapatite crystals
- support: bones from the framework and shape of the body
- protection: protects esp axial skeleton which surrounds major organs of body
What components can bone be divided into?
- cellular components (osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts)
- extracellular matrix (ECM): molecules that provide biochemical and structural support to the cells
three types of cells in bones + explain:
osteoblasts: synthesize osteoid (uncalcified / unmineralized ECM). This later becomes calcified / mineralized to form bone.
osteocytes: As osteoid mineralizes, osteoblasts become entombed between lamellae in lacunae where they mature into osteocytes. They then monitor the minerals and proteins to regulate bone mass
osteoclasts: derived from monocytes, reabsorb bone by releasing H+ ions and lysosomal enzymes.
Large and multinucleated.
Balance of osteoblast to osteoclast activity is crucial in maintenance of tissue’s structural integrity.
It also plays a role in conditions like osteoporosis
Describe long bones (parts and the inside)
top: Epiphysis
- proximal (top) and distal (bottom)
- has spongy bone
- has red bone marrow (in infant bones and adult flat bones)
- articular cartilage (on top): thin flexible substance that provides protection at movable points
middle: diaphysis
- medullary cavity: contains yellow bone marrow (in the middle)
- compact bone on either side of medullary cavity covered by periosteum
metaphysis: space between epiphysis and diaphysis
label a full skeleton
Describe the vertebral column
5 sections, types and degrees of curvatures , spine disorders
- cervical vertebrae (7) : 2 degrees curvature
- thoracic vertebrae (12) : 1 degree
- lumbar vertebrae (5): 2 degrees
- sacrum (1) and coccyx (1) : aka sacral curvature 1 degree
primary curvature: present from fetal life (thoracic and sacral
secondary : develops later on in childhood (cervical and lumbar
scoliosis: crooked back, abnormal lateral curvature
kyphosis: hunchback, abnormal increase in thoracic curvature
lordosis: hollow back, abnormal increase in lumbar curvature
What is a sinus? 4 types?
sinus: cavities that reduce the weight of a bone
- frontal sinus (forehead next to eyebrows)
- ethmoid sinuses (glasses nose place)
- maxillary sinuses (next to long bit of nose)
- sphenoid sinuses (between eyes)
Skull
no. of bones, connected by
2 parts of the skull
- 22 bones or 29 including inner ear and hyoid bones
- connected by: sutures
- neurocranium (8 bones) : protects brain
occipital, frontal, sphenoid (outer side of eye), parietal (2), temporal (2), ethmoid (eye corner) - viscerocranium (14 bones) : facial and jaw bones
mandible, maxilla (2), vomer, inferior nasal concha (2), palatine (2), nasal (2), lacrimal (2), zygomatic (2)
2 parts of the neurocranium
cranial roof: (calvarium)
frontal, occipital, 2 parietal bones
cranial base:
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital, parietal and temporal
Cranial Fossae
- anterior cranial fossa
- middle cranial fossa
- posterior cranial fossa (next to foramen magnum hole)
Most important cranial sutures
- coronal: between frontal and parietal bones
- sagittal: between parietal bones
- lambdoidal: runs horizontal between occipital and parietals
Label vertebral structure
- spinous process
- transverse process
- lamina
- vertebral arch
- vertebral foramen (spinal cord)
- superior articular process and facet
- pedicle
- body (centrum)
Chest Bones (thoracic cavity)
- clavicle (collar bone)
- scapula (shoulder blade connecting scapula to humerus)
- sternum:
jugular notch, clavicular notch
manubrium
angle of louis (sternal angle)
facets for ribs (costal cartilages)
The body (gladiolus)
xiphisternal joint, xiphoid process - ribs:
true ribs: attach directly to sternum
false ribs: attach to 7th costal cartilage
floating ribs: no anterior attachment
Bones of the pelvis
- ilium
- ischium
- pubes
- pelvic cavity (pubic symphysis where both pubic bones join
Bones of upper extremities
upper arm -> humerus
forearm -> ulna (next to body) and radius (lateral)
carpals (wrists)
metcarpals (palm)
phalanges (fingers)
bones of lower extremities (+ 3 regions of foot)
femur (upper leg)
patella (kneecap)
tibia (bigger middle bone)
fibula
ankle (subtalar joint)
calcaneus (heel)
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
hindfoot, midfoot, forefoot (metatarsals and phalanges)
What are tendons, ligaments, joint lubricator
movement occurs at joints with assistance of…
- Tendons are bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bone
- Ligaments connect bones to other bones
- A joint lubricator (synovial fluid) helps synovial joints move easier
- Movement occurs at joints with the assistance of muscles, tendons and ligaments
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
formed by, located
formed by: articulation of mandible and temporal bone
located: anteriorly to ear tragus on lateral aspect of face
wrist (radiocarpal)
type, location, formed by
type: synovial
location: between forearm and hand
formed by:
distally - proximal row of carpal bones (next to fingers)
proximally - distal end of radius and articular disk
hip joint
type, formed by, function
type: ball and socket, synovial joint
formed by: articulation between pelvic acetabulum and head of femur
function:
- forms connection from lower limb to pelvic girdle
- designed for stability ad weight bearing (rather than range of movement)
