Introduction to the muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are muscles?

A

the largest soft tissues

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2
Q

List the structures of the muscle from outermost to innermost structures

A
  • muscle
  • fascia
  • muscle fibres
  • sarcomere
  • myofibril
  • filaments containing actin and myosin
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3
Q

main functions (abilities/properties) of muscles:

A

Movement

  • excitability: ability to respond to stimulus
  • contractibility: ability to contract
  • extensibility: ability of muscle to be stretched without tearing
  • elasticity: ability of muscle to return to its normal shape
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4
Q

What do muscled produce?
What do muscles require to perform their functions (muscle contraction)?

A
  • muscles produce heat energy
  • they require energy, predominantly powered by oxidation of fats and carbohydrates,
  • these chemical reactions produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which are used up by myosin filaments during muscle contraction
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5
Q

3 types of muscles + describe

A

smooth muscle (visceral):
- spindle shaped, nonstriated, uninucleated (1 nucleus) fibres
- occurs in walls of internal organs (GI tract, uterus, eye, blood vessels)
- involuntary system

skeletal muscle: long cylindrical system
- has striated alternating light and dark pattern, tubular, multinucleated fibres
- usually attached to skeleton
- voluntary system
- function: movement, heat, posture

cardiac muscle:
- striated, branched, uninucleated fibres
- occurs in walls of heart and adjacent great vessels like aorta
- involuntary system
- function: pumps blood continuously

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6
Q

function of skeletal muscles

A

Skeletal Muscles:
- voluntary movement:
pull bones (body movement)
pull skin (facial expression)

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7
Q

How does the muscle function to contract? (Process)

A
  • a signal is sent from the brain along a bundle of nerves (nervous system)
  • the electronic and chemical message passes quickly from nerve cell to nerve cell until it arrives at motor end plate (terminal axon)
  • synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter ACh (acetylcholine) are released into synapse (aka synaptic cleft)
  • ACh binds to receptors on muscle and they receive the information to contract
  • message is distributed to all cells in the fibre connected to the nerve
  • chemical (neurotransmitter) to mechanical (muscle contraction) energy
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8
Q

Connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscle

A
  • fascia: on outside of epimysium
  • epimysium: covers the entire skeletal muscle (many fascicles)
  • perimysium: around a fascicle (bundle of fibres)
  • endomysium: around a single muscle fibre

the collection of the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium for the tendon which attaches to the bone

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9
Q

Naming of muscles classified by:
- shape
- number of heads
- attachments
- action

A

Shape:
- deltoid (triangular)
- teres (rounded)
- rectus (straight)

No. of heads:
- biceps 2
- triceps 3
- quadriceps 4

Attachments:
- coracobrachialis (from coracoid to arm)

Action:
- flexor digitorum: flexion of digits

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10
Q

Shapes of skeletal muscles according to direction of muscle fibres:

A

Parallel: have parallel fascicles; stronger pull
(rectus abdominis, sartorius)

Convergent: broad at origin and tapering to a narrower insertion; less pull than parallel
(pectoralis major)

Pennate: uni, bi, multi- . Fascicles insert obliquely (diagonally) on a tendon; produce more tension (more muscle fibres)
(extensor digitorum longus, rectus femoris and deltoid)

Circular: ring around body opening, sphincter
(orbicularis oris)

Fusiform parallel muscle: muscle belly fibres arranged parallel to each other and attached to a tendon at either end
(biceps brachii)

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11
Q

Describe prime mover, synergist and antagonist

A

prime mover (agonist): initiates action / provides primary force driving the action
synergist: assists action (can fixtate and stabalize bone)
antagonist: muscle in opposition to a prime mover, it provides resistance or reverses a given movement

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12
Q

Head muscles

A
  • frontalis
  • cranial aponeurosis
  • occipitalis
  • temporalis
  • orbicularis oculi
  • zygomaticus (facial expression, draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly to allow one to smile)
  • depressor / anguli oris (facial muscle that allows a person to move the corners of their mouth, specifically downward)
  • sternocleidomastoid (rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck)

Chewing:
- buccinator
- masseter
- orbicularis oris

  • platysma
  • trapezius
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13
Q

Neck Muscles

A
  • suprahyoid muscles
  • infrahyoid muscles
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14
Q

Muscles of inspiration and expiration

A

Inspiration:
- external intercostals contract to elevate ribs (rib cage expands)
- diaphragm contracts (moves down) to expand thoracic walls

Expiration:
- internal intercostals contracts to pull ribs down (rib cage gets smaller)
- diaphragm relaxes (moves up) to reduce thoracic cavity

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15
Q

Label inferior and anterior view of diaphragm
What is diaphragm shaped like?

A

inferior view:
- central tendon
- foramen for aorta
- foramen for esophagus
- foramen for (inferior) vena cava

diaphragm is shaped like a parachute

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16
Q

List muscles from anterior of body trunk

A
  • pectoralis major (convergent) : 1 of the 2 chest muscles
  • rectus abdominis (parallel) : six pack
  • tendinous intersections: between each six pack
  • Umbilicus : belly button
  • external abdominal oblique: located on side and front of abdomen
  • internal abdominal oblique : located under external obliques, running in opposite direction
  • transverse abdominis: located under obliques, it’s the deepest abdominal muscles, wraps around spine for protection and stability
  • linea alba: thin band of connective tissue that runs down the front midline of your abdomen
  • rectus sheath
  • latissimus dorsi: upper side of trunk muscles
  • serratus anterior: rib muscles
17
Q

Back Muscles

A

Extrinsic:
- superficial: movements of upper limb
- intermediate: attached to ribs, may serve as a respiratory function

Intrinsic (deep):
- acts on vertebral column
- Its movements maintains posture