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Comparative Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of cartilage and what are the two types?

A
  • formed thru shape of protein fiber matrix
  • indirect blood flow
  • no nerves
  1. Elastic: flexible
    - ear
  2. Hyalin: rigid
    - larynx
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2
Q

What function does Hylain Cartilage serve and what can its destruction lead to?

A
  • covers regions of moving bones
  • lacking can cause pain
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3
Q

What’s the function of Fibrocartilage and what are three examples?

A
  • backed by collagen to withstand lots of force
    1. Intervertebral disks, pubis, and knee joint
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4
Q

What is elastic cartilage used for and what are two examples?

A
  1. Used for its springy/flexible nature

Ear and epiglottis

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5
Q

What are the four methods of classifying bone?

A
  1. Regional: appendicular vs. axial
  2. Histology: compact, spongy, cellular, acellular
  3. Embryonic origin: visceral vs. somatic
  4. Type of Ossification: membrane vs. endochondral
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6
Q

What does dermal bone consist and what is it? Examples?

A
  1. Membrane bone: directly formed in membrane w/o pre-existing cartilage
    Bony structures like plates/ scales that develop in skin
    - dermatocranium, dentary, clavicle
    - adventitious (secondary cartilage) in mammals/birds
    - dermally derived
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7
Q

What is sesamoid bone associated with? Examples?

A
  • within tendons
  • growth depends on tendon pressure/stress
    Ex: patella,pisiform bone of wrist
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8
Q

What is perichondral or periostea’s bone formed from and what is its function?

A

1.from connective tissue
- over cartilage or bone

  1. Forms bones in adult (osteoblasts)
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9
Q

What is secondary cartilage’s function?

A
  1. Cartilage forms after initial bone
    - mostly at points of trauma
  2. Replaced by endochondral bone ossification
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10
Q

What is endochondral bone and what is its function

A
  • forms from ossification of preexisting cartilage
  • limb bones
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11
Q

What are the three main regions in endochondral development?

A
  1. Epiphysis: ends of bone
  2. Metaphysis: growing region (area between)
  3. Diaphysis: middle shaft of bone
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12
Q

What are the layers of a mature bone (dermal and endochondral) and its composition?

A
  1. Cortical bone: cortex of bone
    • compact bone: dense
  2. Medullary bone: lines core of bone
    • spongy bone: hemopoietic tissue and porous
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13
Q

What is the purpose of bones and give an example?

A
  1. Use to support and give structure

Ex: urostyle in frog: supports pelvic region for jumping

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14
Q

What’s the germ layer composition of exoskeleton?

A

Dermis: bone
Epidermis: keratin

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15
Q

What is the germ composition the endoskeleton?

A
  1. Mesoderm: tissue, bone, cartilage
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16
Q

What does the chondrocranium protect and what is it composed of?

A
  1. Base and back of brain
    - supports brain and protects sensory organs
  2. Endochondral bone
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17
Q

What are the five stages of Chondrocranial development?

A
  1. Notochord —> caudal plate
  2. Cranial vertebrae —> occipital arch
  3. Parachordal cartilage fuses to the basal plate
  4. Trabeculae fuses to form the ethmoid plate
  5. Sense capsules form around organs
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18
Q

What is the splanchnocranium derived from?

A
  • neural crest of visceral arches 1-6
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19
Q

In Teleosts do gill arches 3-6 and 1-2 do?

A

3-6: support gill filaments
1-2: jaw suspension

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20
Q

What is the evolutionary trend in the pharyngeal skeleton?

A

It is reduced from early vertebrates to birds and mammals

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21
Q

What is the make up of the primitive splanchnocranium?

A
  1. 7 arches
    A1: mandibular: palatoquadrate and mer
    A2: hyoid: hyomandibulae

Levels of Bone:
-pharyngo, epi, cerato, hypo, basil

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22
Q

What is feature in placoderms is homologous to the jaw?

A

Placodermal plates

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23
Q

What is paleostylic jaw style?

A
  • no brachial arches connected to skull
  • only cartilage
24
Q

What jaw style does group Agnathans have?

A
  • none: no official jaw
  • paleostylic
25
Q

What jaw type are placoderms and acanthodians?

A

Euautostylic

26
Q

What is the euautostylic jaw style entail?

A

Palatoquadrate connected to neurocranium

  • hyomandibulae no part in jaw suspension
27
Q

Which groups have an amphistylic jaw style?

A
  1. Crossopterygii (rhipidistians and coelocanths)
  2. Extinct osteicthyes
  3. Extinct chrondricthyes
28
Q

What describes the amphistylic jaw style?

A
  1. Hyomandibular and palatoquadrate connected independently to braincase
  2. Palatoquadrate: 1 or more articulations with chondrocranium
29
Q

What are the two independently evolved types of hyostylic jaws?

A
  1. Hyostyly
    Connected by hyomandibular—otic capsule; palatoquadrate—hyomandibular
    -elasmobranchs

2 modified hyostyly: have symplectic bone aids in connection
- SC osteichthyes
- teleosts

30
Q

What is secondary autostylic?

A

Palatoquadrate — chondrocranium
- H.M has no involvement in suspending PQ

31
Q

What groups are secondary autostylic?

A

Holocephali and dipnoi

32
Q

What is metautostylic?

A
  • Jaw connected by quadrate to braincase
  • type of 2* autostylic
    -hyomandibular—> columnella
  • 2nd arch —> hyoid apparatus
33
Q

What groups are metautostylic?

A
  1. Amphibians
  2. Reptiles
34
Q

What describes craniostylic jaw type?

A
  1. Jaw articulated by squamosal and dentary
  2. Splanchnocranium: hyoid apparatus and ear bones
    -Quadrate —> incus
    -articular—> malleus
  • 2* autostylic
35
Q

What groups were craniostylic?

A

Mammals and reptiles

36
Q

What does the palatoquadrate ossify to form?

A
  1. Quadrate
37
Q

What comprises the jaw joint in teleosts and most mammals?

A

Articular and quadrate bones

38
Q

What comprises jaw joint in mammals?

A
  1. Dentary (meckles surrounds by dermal bone)
  2. Squamosal
  • fused in humans to form temporal
39
Q

What are the 6 series of dermatocranial bones?

A
  1. Facial
  2. Orbital
  3. Temporal
  4. Vault
  5. Palatal
  6. Mandibular
40
Q

What region is the facial series and what does it include?

A
  • snout

Premaxilla, maxilla, and nasals

41
Q

What region is the orbital series and what does it include?

A
  • encircles the eyes
  • lacrimal, prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital, and jugal
42
Q

What region is the temporal series and what does it include?

A

-posterior wall of braincase

  • intertemporal, surpratemporal, tabular, squamosal, quadratojugal
43
Q

What region is the vault series and what does it include?

A
  • roofing bones

-frontal, parietal, postparietal

44
Q

What region is the palatal series and what does it include?

A
  • covers roof of mouth
  • pterygoid, vomer, palatine, ectopterygoid, parasphenoid
45
Q

What region is the mandibular series and what does it include?

A
  • encases meckles cartilage
  • Lateral: dentary,splenials, angular, surangular,

-Medial: pre articular, coronoids

46
Q

What are the head skeleton of ostracoderms and cyclostomes (Agnatha)?

A

Ostracoderms- dermal head shield

Cyclostomes: cartilaginous brain case

47
Q

What did placodermy head skeleton look like?

A
  1. Dermal bone plates, ossified upper jaw
  2. No spiracle
48
Q

What did the head skeleton of cartilaginous fish look like?

A
  • no dermatocranium
  • chondrocranium —> braincase
  • splanchnocranium
    • jaws suspended by ceratohyal and meckles cart
49
Q

What characterizes head skeleton of Actinopterygians?

A
  • operculum (dermal bone)
  • hyoid arch
50
Q

What characterized the sarcopterygians head skeleton?

A
  1. Dermatocranium like actinopterygii
  2. I. Early lungfish: PQ fused to braincase
    II. Rhipidipstians: strong jaw & Labrynthodont teeth
51
Q

What is the amphibian head skeleton?

A
  • reduced splanchnocranium
  • hyomandibular—collumnella
  • reduced hyoid
  • dermal bones lost or fused
52
Q

What is the head skeleton of reptiles and birds?

A

Depending on temporal fenestrae and muscle connection
-anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, euryapsid

53
Q

How does the apparence during evolution of the secondary palate affect the pharyngeal region?

A

Separates the oral/nasal pharynx for better eating and breathing

54
Q

What is the evolutionary trend behind choanae?

A

They move caudally
-towards throat in mammals

55
Q

What is the head skeleton of mammals?

A
  1. Braincase: dermal and endochondral bone
  2. Turbinate Bones:
    - for turbinates which allow for better scent
56
Q

What type of bone are bones in the dermatocranium?

A

Dermal bone

Comparative Anatomy (3 decks)

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