Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative Anatomy > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

Can you describe fish skin and whats it’s possible functions are?

A
  1. Non-keratinized/mucus covered
  2. Resist bacteria, assist water flow over fish, predator avoidance, toxic chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe epidermal cells

A

Vary in different locations but are tightly packed together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the unicellular glands in fish?

A

Club cells, granular cell, goblet, and sacciform cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Club cell?

A
  1. Elongate, binucleate,
    .2 chemicals: fear or alarm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Granular Cell (fish)

A
  1. In lampreys
  2. Contribute mucous cuticle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Goblet cell ( fish)

A
  1. In bony/cartilaginous fish ( not lampreys)
  2. Mucous cuticle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sacciform cell (fish)

A

Secretory product: repellant/toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What describes the integument of the primitive of Ostracoderms and placoderms?

A
  1. Bony dermal plating
    - headshields
    - small dermal scales
  2. Tubercles:
    - on dermal scales
    - enameloid layer over dentin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What distinguishing feature of the class chondricthyes integument?

A
  1. Placoid scales:
    - enamel tip with a pulp cavity
    - reduce drag (riblet formation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 3 type of scales/integument are prominent in the bony fish placoderfms and Sarcopterygians?

A
  1. Cosmoid scale
  2. Ganoid scale
    I. Palaeniscoid scale
    Ii. Lepidosteoid
  3. Elasmoid scale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe cosmoid scales (placoderms and sarcopterygians)

A
  1. Cosmoid scales:
    Bottom to top
    - lamellar bone
    - vascular bone
    -thick dentine
    -enamel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is teh description of the Palaeoniscoid ganoid scale?

A
  1. Ganoine enamel, cosmine dentine, vascular and lamellar bone
  2. Primitive:
    - SC: Chondrosteis, order palaeoniscoidei and order polypteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Can you describe the layout of the Ganoid Lepidosteoid scale?

A
  1. Ganoine, bone base acellular, no cosmine, loss of vascular bone
  2. SC: neopterygii, order Lepisosteiformes (gar)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Elasmoid scales:

A
  1. Ctenoid and cycloid
    - bony scales: spiky in the Ctenoid
  2. Only in Teleosts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is different about the integument in tetrapods?

A
  1. keratinization of stratum corneum: resists abrasion
  2. multicellular glands: in dermis- thru ducts to the surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do amphibians use their integumentary system?

A
  1. Cutaneous Respiration: breathe through their skin
    - capillaries in the lower epidermis and the dermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of scales do order Apoda have?

A

Dermal scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In aquatic larval salamanders, what type of cell is in the integument? Where and what does it do?

A
  • Leydig cell in the epidermis
  • protest against viruses and bacteria
  • absent in adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the stratum corneum contribute to the frogs attributes?

A
  1. Prevents loss of moisture
  2. Protects from abrasion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do Nuptial pads help the Amphibians?

A

-Raised calluses of cornified epidermis
- digits of frogs/salamanders
- helps male grasp female during mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two types of Multicellular glands in amphibians? How do they differ?

A
  1. Mucous gland:
    - cluster of cells release the product into the common duct
    - cutaneous respiration, reproduction, thermoregulation, defense
  2. Poison Gland:
    - larger
    - secretion made and stored in lumen of gland
    - distasteful/toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you describe the epidermal scales in reptiles?

A
  1. Epidermal Keratin: elaboration of stratum corneum
  2. Hinged: allows for flexibility
  3. Not derived from fish scales
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What two things, besides scales, are made form dermis or epidermis in reptiles, mammals, and birds?

A

Claws: keratin/epidermal

Bones: dermal bones
- support ventral body wall
Ex: gastralia in Crocodile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does shedding work?

A
  1. Basal cells produce epidermal generation
  2. Blood cells in splitting zone cause separation of new and old dermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is the turtle shell composed?

A
  1. Ventral plastron
  2. Dorsal Carapace
    - ribs and vertebrae
    - dermal bone
    - epidermal scales (outer surface)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What integumentary feature did birds inherit from reptiles?

A
  • epidermal scales along feet and legs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What layers composes the epidermis of the birds? WHat is important about the dermis?

A

Deepest to superficial:

  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum intermedium
    - (transitional layer eq to spinosum and granulosum
  3. Stratum corneum

Dermis: nerve endings and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What describes the dermis of birds? What is significant feature of it?

A
  1. Highly vascularized and has nerve endings, smooth muscle
  2. Breeding season: increased vascularization—> brood patch
    - keep egg warm
29
Q

What does the Urpygeal gland?

A

Location: base of tail
Function: produces lipid/Protein oils to prevent water logged feathers
- uses bill to spread across feathers

30
Q

What does the salt gland do in bird?

A

Location: in head
Function: secretes/releases salt to maintain levels of salt in marine animals

31
Q

What is an overview of bird feathers and where they come from?

A
  1. From reptilian scales
  2. Epidermis
  3. Replaced by molting
  4. Chromatophores in epidermis
32
Q

What is the anatomy of a feather?

A
  1. Vane- space around rachis
  2. Rachis- middle stem
  3. Calamus: bottom medium shaft

Zoomed in:
1. Barbs
- barbules with hooklets

33
Q

What is a Flight feather?

A

Asymmetry of vein around the Rachus
- for flight

34
Q

What is a pennaceous (Contour ) feather?

A
  • symmetrical vane about Rachis
  • aerodynamically shape the bird
35
Q

Describe the Down or Plumulaceous feather?

A
  • lacks distinctive rachis,
    -insulation
36
Q

What are filoplume feathers often used for?

A

Specialized for display

37
Q

How are feathers arranged?

A
  1. primary:
    - towards front
    - creates forward, thrust movement
  2. Secondary:
    - farther back
    - creates lift
38
Q

What are the two evolutionary theories for feathers?

A

1, Insulation

  1. Gliding
39
Q

What is the theory behind insulation as a evolutionary route to making feathers?

A

1.function: hold in/shield from heat
2. Protofeathers: enlarged/shaped for heat exclusion (ecothermic ancestor)
3. Protofeathers to preserve heat (endothermic ancestors)

40
Q

What is the theory behind gliding as an evolutionary to feathers?

A
  1. Aided in gliding
    - allows airstream over body and limbs
41
Q

What is the theory behind gliding as an evolutionary to feathers?

A
  1. Aided in gliding
    - allows airstream over body and limbs
42
Q

What are the two aspects that are important to the ability to fly?

A
  1. Airfoil:
    - object in airstream produces useful rxn
  2. Angle of attack: angle allows lift
    - inc. angle, inc lift
43
Q

What are the the different types of glands in mammals?

A
  1. Sebaceous
  2. Sweat:
    .i apocrine
    .ii. Eccrine
  3. Mammary
44
Q

What does the sebaceous gland do in mammal?

A
  1. Oil gland:
    - releases into hair
    - reduces dryness
45
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands and how are they different?

A
  1. Apocrine:
    - releases into hair
    - body odor/scent
  2. Eccrine:
    - osmoregulates: releases salt
    - to skins surface
46
Q

What is the anatomy of mammary gland?

A
  1. Divided into lobules: secretory units connected to special openings
  2. Teat and nipple
  3. Epidermal origin
47
Q

What is the anatomy of monotreme mammary glands and how do they differ to other groups?

A
  1. Ducts open directly to surface
  2. Male and female have glands (females only nurse)
    3.
48
Q

How does a teat differ from a nipple?

A

Teat: lobules —> gland duct —> cistern—> teat

Nipple: lobules—> gland duct —> nipple
- more direct

49
Q

Where do mammary glands develope and what are the specific regions it can develop?

A
  • milk ridge
    1. Pectoral
    2. Inguinal
    3. Abdominal
50
Q

Where do mammary glands form in those with pectoral milk ridge and what types of animals are these?

A
  1. Pectoral: towards chest/shoulder
    - primates, elephants, bats, manatees
51
Q

Where do mammary glands form in Inguinal milk ridge and what types of animals have it?

A
  1. Pelvic region
  2. Ungulates
    - artiodactyls and perrisodactyls
52
Q

Where do mammary glands form in those with abdominal milk ridges and what types of animals are they?

A
  1. Between pectoral and Inguinal
    -numerous nipples: allows for larger litters
    • pigs, cats, dogs
  2. Rodents, carnivores
53
Q

What are the different anatomical parts of mammalian hair?

A
  1. follicle: invagination of epidermis and root into dermis
    - becomes keratinized
  2. Dermal papilla: extends into hair root
    -supplys circulation
54
Q

What is the evolutionary reason behind hair.

A
  1. Mechanoreception
  2. Heat conservation

(Not evolved from scales)

55
Q

What are the two layers of hair?

A
  1. Guard hairs- outer layer: mechanoreceptor
  2. underfur- inner layer- warmth/protection
56
Q

What are the three layers of the hair shaft?

A
  1. Outmost: cuticle: single layer of cells protection
    - scales
  2. Middle: cortex: strength, moisture, color, texture
  3. Innermost: medulla: may be absent

-animals identified by cuticle cells

57
Q

What is the arrector pilli muscle?

A
  1. Smooth muscle—hair follicle
  2. Temperature controlled:
    I) cold: contracts/pulls it up
    • insulates
      II)hot: relaxes/layers down (insulation)
      • cooling
58
Q

What is an example of modified hair?

A
  1. quills of African crested porcupine
59
Q

What are examples of mammals with keratinized epidermal scales?

A
  1. Beaver tail
  2. Tails of opossums,
  3. Rat tails
60
Q

What is the anatomy of a mammalian epidermal scale?

A
  1. Epidermal keratinous plate
  2. Underlying bony scutes

Ex: Amarillo shell

61
Q

What differentiates pangolin epidermal scales?

A

Dorsal plate: flat, solid keratinized scales
Intermediate: bulk of cells, less flat
Ventral plate: few cells thick

62
Q

What is the anatomy of nails?

A
  • compact, cornified epithelial cells
  • over fingers and toes
    Unguinis: flat
    subunguinis: small and connective
63
Q

What is the anatomy of a claw and how do you physically describe it? Any examples?

A
  1. Curved, compressed keratinized on tips of digits
    Unguinis: curved
    Subunguinis:

Laterally compressed: dogs and cats

Dorsoventrally flattened: primates

64
Q

How do you describe the hooves?

A
  • enlarged keratinized plast on tips of digits
65
Q

What is the composition of horns? What separates them from antlers?

A
  1. bony core —> outgrowth of skull
  2. keratin sheath (visible horn)

-horns retained
Except pronghorns shed annually
- in both sexes

Ex: mountain sheep, pronghorn

66
Q

What is the composition of Antlers? What is different from horns?

A
  1. outgrowth of skull (visible antler)
  2. velvet sheath
    - shed/replaced annually
    - deer family only
    - only males except caribou
67
Q

What is the composition of ossicones, do they shed, and which genders have them?

A
  • dermal bone—skin (dermis and epidermis)
  • no shed
  • both sexes
68
Q

What composes Rhino horns- are they true horns?

A
  1. Fibrous keratin
    - no

Comparative Anatomy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions