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CNM > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the body does disc herniation occur?

A

Lumbar spine

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2
Q

What leaks out during disc herniatikn?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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3
Q

How does disc herniation occur?

A

Flexion and rotation

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4
Q

What age is disc herniation most likely to occur?

A

30-40

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5
Q

What is bursitis? Where does it usually occur?

A

Inflamed bursa due to repetitive use or sudden trauma - usually shoulder (sun-acromial) or hip (trochanteric)

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6
Q

What treatment can prevent gout?

A

Allopurinol or corticosteroid injections

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7
Q

What does gout usually affect?

A

Big toe (can also affect mod feet, ankles, knees, elbows, hands

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8
Q

What disease is usually moniartocular?

A

Gout

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9
Q

Describe onset of gout

A

Painful, red, hot swollen joints (usually 12-24 hr) shiny skin over joints

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10
Q

What kind of joints is gout in?

A

Synovial joints

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11
Q

What disease is known as bamboo spine? Describe it and how it is diagnosed

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

Usually spine pain progresses up, morning stiffness, improves with activity hip and heal pain are common too. Systemic symptoms include fever, fatigue, malaise

Diagnosed via blood or x-ray/MRI

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12
Q

Onset of AS

A

15-30 years

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13
Q

What kind of disease is AS?

A

Autoimmune - mostly genetic association but also linked with leaky gut and other inflammatory bowel diseases as well as urogenital and intestinal infections

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14
Q

Which type of arthritis has gradual onset

A

Osteoarthritis

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15
Q

Which type of arthritis affects weight bearing joints

A

OA

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16
Q

Which type of arthritis affects small joints usually

A

RA

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17
Q

Which type of arthritis has longest morning stiffness (over an hour)

A

RA

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18
Q

Which type of arthritis includes other systemic symptoms?

A

RA

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19
Q

How do you recognize RA?

A

Subcutaneous nodules

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20
Q

How do you recognize osteoarthritis?

A

Osteophyte/bone spurs

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21
Q

Which type of arthritis includes enlarged distal finger joint and deformed joints?

A

OA

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22
Q

Which type of arthritis includes Swan neck fingers

A

RA

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23
Q

Which type of arthritis includes bone erosion (instead of spurs)

A

RA (OA has bone spurs)

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24
Q

Which type of arthritis affects cartilage?

A

OA

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25
Q

Which type of arthritis affects synovial joints?

A

RA

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26
Q

Which type of arthritis is degenerative

A

OA (wear and tear)

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27
Q

How to treat RA?

A

Anti inflammatory herbs and nutrition, Accupuncture, surgery, anti inflammatory es and immunosuppressants

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28
Q

Where is sternum?

A

Thoracic cage

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29
Q

What bone does first rib sit behind?

A

Clavicle

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30
Q

Apex of lung is just superior (above)

A

Clavicle

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31
Q

What attaches to sternum

A

Ribs (12) except 11-12 which are floating ribs

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32
Q

Also known as distal skeleton

A

Appendicular skeleton

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33
Q

Number of bones in appendicular skeleton

A

126

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34
Q

Shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle are part of which skeleton?

A

Appendicular

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35
Q

Elbow bone (lateral)

A

Radius

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36
Q

Wrist bones

A

Carpals

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37
Q

Finger bones

A

Phalanges

38
Q

Shin bone

A

Tibia

39
Q

Sesame is bone/anterior knee

A

Patella

40
Q

Role of tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone

41
Q

Number of joints

A

187

42
Q

Where are fibrous joints found?

A

structures in the skull

43
Q

Where are cartilaginous joints found & what do they do?

A

Epiphyse growth plate, intervertebral disk, made of cartilage to allow little to no movement

44
Q

Which joints permit most moevement?

A

Synovial

45
Q

Which joints obtain nutrients only by movement (diffusion).

A

Synovial

46
Q

What kind of joints are synovial joints?

A

Hinge and ball and socket

47
Q

What’s the purpose of hyaline cartilage?

A

Shock observance and friction reduction to protect bones

48
Q

Along with joints what structures also reduce friction and are located between bone and muscle/skin/tendon?

A

Bursar

49
Q

Abduction

A

Away from midline

50
Q

Addiction

A

Movement towards midline

51
Q

Circumspection

A

Circular movement in succession

52
Q

Protraction and anterior movement mean which direction?

A

Forward

53
Q

Posterior means which direction

A

Backwards

54
Q

Eversion means

A

Turn out

55
Q

Pronation means

A

Palm down (opposite of supination)

56
Q

Fractures not only cause break in bone but can also damage ….

A

Blood vessels and nerves

57
Q

Define avulsiln fracture

A

Tendon or ligament pulls off of a piece of bone

58
Q

4 stages of fracture repair are called

A

Haematoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling

59
Q

What are ligaments made of and what do they do?

A

Connective tissue
Attach two bones to each other
They are re tough!!

60
Q

Describe subluxation

A

When a joint is partially dislocated

61
Q

What can x-rays detect

A

Blood clots (iron)
Tumors
Bones
Severe pneumonia

62
Q

Is kyphosis a good or bad thing?

A

It’s healthy as it distrjbuebs forces throughout the spine

Hyper-kyphosis can result from poor posture or osteolorotic spinal fractures and may cause muscular fatigue irritate ribs and interfere with breathing

63
Q

Spinal nerve compression is usually asymptomatic but in’s where cases can cause…

A

Spinal nerve compression

64
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Porous bone
Chronic
Diagnosed by DXA (dual x-ray absorptiometry)

65
Q

What T score indicates osteoporosis

A

-2.5 or lower

66
Q

Risk factors of osteoporosis

A

Age (over 30)
Female
Post-menopausal
Acid forming diet (sugar/protein)
Low minerals or malnourished
Excess sodium
Excess caffeine
Long term corticosteroid therapy
GIT (lover, low stomach acidity, etc)
Genes
Sedentary lifestyle
Low body weight
Alcohol and smoking
Heavy metals and toxins

67
Q

Osteomalacia and rickets results from

A

Inadequate mineralization of bone matrix in spongy and compact bone

68
Q

What are signs of rickets?

A

Like osteomalacia, bowed legs, fractures, back pain, weak muscles but also delayed closure of fontanelles and skull softening

69
Q

Causes for myelitis

A

Bacteria infection or immunosuppressive
IV drugs
Diabetes

70
Q

Tribiculae contain small spaces containing

A

Bone marrow (microscopic spaces)

71
Q

Spongy bone is

A

Ends of long bone
Covered with compact bone
Irregular and flat bones

72
Q

Most abundant mineral in bones is

A

Calcium phosphate (combines with other minerals and crystallizes in collagen matrix which is a collagen fiber scaffold structure) this makes bone hard

73
Q

3 minerals in bone

A

Calcium phosphate combines with magnesium, potassium and sulfates

74
Q

Ends of long bones (two heads)

A

Epyphisis

75
Q

Long bones contain compact bone in

A

Diaphysis

76
Q

What is epiphysisal plate made of

A

Collagen

77
Q

Composition of epithysis

A

Layer of compact bone then articulate cartilage then red bone marrow (the spongy bone contains red bone marrow)

78
Q

Compact bone composition

A

Medullary cavity (red marrow which also can turn into yellow too)

Covered by periosteum (covers all bones unless there is cartilage instead as with joints)

79
Q

Composition of periosteum

A

Tough outer fibrous layer
Inner osteocytes and blasts

80
Q

5 bones types

A

Round(sesamoid)
Flat (hip)
Long
Short (metacarpals or tarpals)
Irregular (ribs)

81
Q

2 forms of ossification

A

Endochondrial (replacing cartilage)
Intramembranous sheets

82
Q

Heart of college Phibro it last 2 to 3 weeks and it’s where the Calais elongate he’ll grow display is a layer of hyaline cartilage ossifying can I take the test now do you think I should play you’re getting old I think I’m ready ready can you just let me take the test I’ll take care of Nicole no no no I Need moral support OK good you don’t tell me the answers I’m just reading out loud energy production is the main function of the following cell organelles oh my gosh so easy obviously mitochondria the following is not a function of cell membrane proteins transport in and out of cell obviously they do that immunologically data do they do that recognition site for James I do that proteins synthesis

A
83
Q

4 respiratory functions

A

1) gas exchange
2) warm, cool, moisten air
3) immunity: remove inhaled particles (smaller ones go up the mucocilary escalator, larger ones out the nose)
Alveolar macrophages in alveoli
4) voice production and olfactory (smell)

84
Q

Macrophages are..

A

White blood cells

85
Q

Mucociliary escalator is composed of

A

Goblet cells and hairs in respiratory track which escort the bad particles out

86
Q

8 respiratory system structures

A

Nose
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Tranchea (wind pipe)
Bronchi (left and right)
Bronchioles
Alveoli (air sacs)

87
Q

3 Types of respiration

A

External
Internal
Cellular

88
Q

External respiration

A

Gases go from air to lungs to blood (via pulmonary capillaries throughout and around alveoli). Air is breathes in and out (ventilation)

89
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gases go from blood to cells and vice versa

90
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Carbs/fats/proteins are metabolized into ATP

91
Q

Respiratory tract mucous membrane structure

A

Lines the respiratory tract containing goblet cells (which secrete mucus)

92
Q

Respiratory tract mucus membrane function

A

Traps inhaled particles and is surfactant (lowers surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading) anti microbial

CNM (2 decks)

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