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anatomy and physiology lecture > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of cartilage in skeletal cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage. Elastic cartilage. Fibrocartilage

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2
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

It lines your joints and caps the ends of your bones

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3
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Your external ears (the parts of your ear that are outside your body).

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4
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

symphysis pubis, theannulus fibrosis ofintervertebral discs, and at points of attachment of tendons to bone.

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5
Q

which type of cartilage is most abundant

A

Hyaline

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6
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the embryonic skeleton?

A

Hyaline

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7
Q

perichondrium

A

a dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of most of the cartilage in the body

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8
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells responsible for cartilage formation

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9
Q

lacunae

A

a cavity or depression, especially in bone

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10
Q

extracellular matrix

A

helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions

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11
Q

2 ways cartilage grows

A

appositional growth and interstitial growth.

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12
Q

appositional growth

A

the process by which old bone that lines the medullary cavity is reabsorbed and new bone tissue is grown beneath the periosteum, increasing bone diameter

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13
Q

interstitial growth.

A

chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage and this causes it to grow in length.

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14
Q

2 groups of human skeleton

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

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15
Q

sesamoid bones?

A

bones embedded in tendons

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16
Q

2 types of bone texture

A

compact and spongy

17
Q

What are trabeculae

A

small bar, rod, bundle of fibers, or septal membrane in the framework of a bodily organ or part

18
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that form bone tissue

19
Q

osteocytes

A

regulate local mineral deposition and chemistry at the bone matrix level

20
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss

21
Q

2 types of organic components of bone

A

type I collagen (~90%) and the remaining ~10% noncollagenous proteins

22
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

This process involves the direct conversion of mesenchyme to the bone

23
Q

4 steps of intramembraneous ossification

A

Formation of Ossification Spicules. Some mesenchymal cells group together and transform into osteogenic cells which deposit bone matrix. …
Formation of Bony Extracellular Matrix & Trabeculae. …
Osteoid Develops Around Blood Vessels. …
Formation of Osteons & Compact Bone Tissue.

24
Q

Endochondral Ossification 6 steps

A

Step 2
blood vessels grow into perichondrium; cells convert to osteoblasts; shaft becomes covered with superficial bone

Step 3
more blood supply and osteoblasts; produces spongy bone; formation spreads on shaft

Step 4
Osteoclasts create medullary cavity; appositional growth

Step 5
epiphysis centers calcify; blood and osteoblasts move in; secondary ossification centers

Step 6
Epiphysis filled with spongy bone; cartilage remains at joints; epiphyseal plate in metaphysis

25
Q

postnatal bone growth

A

epiphyses are separated from the diaphysis by a cartilaginous epiphyseal plate that is connected to the diaphysis by an area of spongy bone called the metaphysis. Growing bones increase in length in the growth zone that is formed by the epiphyseal growth plate and the metaphysis.

26
Q

Growth in Length of Long Bones; what is this called?

A

intersitial growth

27
Q

Growth in Width (thickness); what is this called

A

appositional growth

28
Q

bone remodeling

A

nutritional status, humoral factors, and biomechanical stress

29
Q

List Hormones that Influence Bone Growth and Remodeling

A

calcitriol, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone), growth hormones, thyroid hormones, cortisol, and insulin, affect bone health

30
Q

How do we regulate blood calcium levels?

A

actions of hormones that regulate calcium transport in the gut, kidneys, and bone

31
Q

How do we get Vitamin D3?

A

The best sources are the flesh of fatty fish and fish liver oils.

32
Q

osteopenia

A

a loss of bone mineral density (BMD) that weakens bones

33
Q

osteoporosis

A

causes bones to become weak and brittle

34
Q

types of fracture

A

Simple or Closed Fracture. A bone fracture is classified as simple or closed if the broken bone remains within the body and does not push into or out of the skin. .
Compound or Open Fracture.
Incomplete or Partial Fracture
Complete Fracture.

35
Q

stages of bone repair

A

inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling stages.

anatomy and physiology lecture (3 decks)

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