Skeletal System

Question 1

3 types of cartilage in skeletal cartilage

Answer 1

Hyaline cartilage. Elastic cartilage. Fibrocartilage

Question 2

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 2

It lines your joints and caps the ends of your bones

Question 3

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 3

Your external ears (the parts of your ear that are outside your body).

Question 4

Fibrocartilage

Answer 4

symphysis pubis, theannulus fibrosis ofintervertebral discs, and at points of attachment of tendons to bone.

Question 5

which type of cartilage is most abundant

Answer 5

Hyaline

Question 6

Which type of cartilage forms the embryonic skeleton?

Answer 6

Hyaline

Question 7

perichondrium

Answer 7

a dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of most of the cartilage in the body

Question 8

chondrocytes

Answer 8

cells responsible for cartilage formation

Question 9

lacunae

Answer 9

a cavity or depression, especially in bone

Question 10

extracellular matrix

Answer 10

helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions

Question 11

2 ways cartilage grows

Answer 11

appositional growth and interstitial growth.

Question 12

appositional growth

Answer 12

the process by which old bone that lines the medullary cavity is reabsorbed and new bone tissue is grown beneath the periosteum, increasing bone diameter

Question 13

interstitial growth.

Answer 13

chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage and this causes it to grow in length.

Question 14

2 groups of human skeleton

Answer 14

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

Question 15

sesamoid bones?

Answer 15

bones embedded in tendons

Question 16

2 types of bone texture

Answer 16

compact and spongy

Question 17

What are trabeculae

Answer 17

small bar, rod, bundle of fibers, or septal membrane in the framework of a bodily organ or part

Question 18

osteoblasts

Answer 18

cells that form bone tissue

Question 19

osteocytes

Answer 19

regulate local mineral deposition and chemistry at the bone matrix level

Question 20

osteoclasts

Answer 20

cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss

Question 21

2 types of organic components of bone

Answer 21

type I collagen (~90%) and the remaining ~10% noncollagenous proteins

Question 22

Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 22

This process involves the direct conversion of mesenchyme to the bone

Question 23

4 steps of intramembraneous ossification

Answer 23

Formation of Ossification Spicules. Some mesenchymal cells group together and transform into osteogenic cells which deposit bone matrix. …
Formation of Bony Extracellular Matrix & Trabeculae. …
Osteoid Develops Around Blood Vessels. …
Formation of Osteons & Compact Bone Tissue.

Question 24

Endochondral Ossification 6 steps

Answer 24

Step 2
blood vessels grow into perichondrium; cells convert to osteoblasts; shaft becomes covered with superficial bone

Step 3
more blood supply and osteoblasts; produces spongy bone; formation spreads on shaft

Step 4
Osteoclasts create medullary cavity; appositional growth

Step 5
epiphysis centers calcify; blood and osteoblasts move in; secondary ossification centers

Step 6
Epiphysis filled with spongy bone; cartilage remains at joints; epiphyseal plate in metaphysis

Question 25

postnatal bone growth

Answer 25

epiphyses are separated from the diaphysis by a cartilaginous epiphyseal plate that is connected to the diaphysis by an area of spongy bone called the metaphysis. Growing bones increase in length in the growth zone that is formed by the epiphyseal growth plate and the metaphysis.

Question 26

Growth in Length of Long Bones; what is this called?

Answer 26

intersitial growth

Question 27

Growth in Width (thickness); what is this called

Answer 27

appositional growth

Question 28

bone remodeling

Answer 28

nutritional status, humoral factors, and biomechanical stress

Question 29

List Hormones that Influence Bone Growth and Remodeling

Answer 29

calcitriol, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone), growth hormones, thyroid hormones, cortisol, and insulin, affect bone health

Question 30

How do we regulate blood calcium levels?

Answer 30

actions of hormones that regulate calcium transport in the gut, kidneys, and bone

Question 31

How do we get Vitamin D3?

Answer 31

The best sources are the flesh of fatty fish and fish liver oils.

Question 32

osteopenia

Answer 32

a loss of bone mineral density (BMD) that weakens bones

Question 33

osteoporosis

Answer 33

causes bones to become weak and brittle

Question 34

types of fracture

Answer 34

Simple or Closed Fracture. A bone fracture is classified as simple or closed if the broken bone remains within the body and does not push into or out of the skin. .
Compound or Open Fracture.
Incomplete or Partial Fracture
Complete Fracture.

Question 35

stages of bone repair

Answer 35

inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling stages.