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anatomy and physiology lecture > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of muscles

A

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

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2
Q

excitability

A

ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to stimuli

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3
Q

contractility

A

ability to shorten and thicken, contract, when a sufficient stimulus is received

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4
Q

extensibility

A

he ability of muscle tissue to be stretched

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5
Q

elasticity

A

ability of muscle to return to its original shape after contraction

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6
Q

3 functions of muscles

A

motion, posture and heat production

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7
Q

skeletal

A

striated, long cylindrical, multinucleated, voluntary and found anywhere attached to bone

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8
Q

fascia

A

sheet/ broad band of fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin/around muscles and other organs

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9
Q

superficial fascia

A

immediately deep to the skin, adipose tissue and loose connective

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10
Q

deep fascia

A

dense connective tissue that lines the body wall and extremities and holds muscles together separating them into functioning groups

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11
Q

epimysium

A

fascia around the entire muscle

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12
Q

fascicles

A

muscle bundles

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13
Q

perimysium

A

fascia around fascicles

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14
Q

endomysium

A

fascia around each muscle fiber

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15
Q

tendons

A

fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle fascia to perostium of the bone

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16
Q

tendon sheaths

A

tubes of fibrous connective tissue that encloses certain tendons

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17
Q

origin

A

less moveable end

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18
Q

insertion

A

more moveable end

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19
Q

what kind of nerve and blood supply penetrates a skeletal muscle

A

one artery and one or two veins, long winding capillaries go within endomysium, each skeletal muscle fiber usually makes contact with a portion of nerve cell called synaptic end bulb

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20
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle fiber

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21
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

22
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialized smooth ER that regulates calcium concentration

23
Q

where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum found

A

in muscle fibers

24
Q

what are the terminal cisternae

A

internal sacs

25
Q

what are T tubules

A

transverse tubules that are extensions of sarcolemma that conduct impulses from sarcolemma down into the cell

26
Q

what are myofibrils

A

tiny structures found in muscle fibers

27
Q

what are the 2 types of myofilaments

A

actin and myosin

28
Q

thin filaments

A

actin

29
Q

thick filaments

A

myosin

30
Q

When the sarcomere shortens, what happens, if anything, to the I band, to the H zone, and to the A band

A

While the I band and H zone will disappear or shorten, the A band length will remain unchanged.

31
Q

what is a muscle fiber

A

composed of fibrils, surrounded by sarcolemma

32
Q

What are the myosin filaments composed of

A

head/cross bridges, ATP and actin binding sites

33
Q

what are the actin filaments composed of

A

actin (f & g) tropomyosin, and troponin

34
Q

where are the actin and ATP binding sites found

A

myosin

35
Q

where are the myosin-binding sites found

A

actin

36
Q

what might be covering the myosin binding sites

A

tropomyosin

37
Q

troponin has a high affinity for 3 different substances

A

actin, tropomyosin and calcium ions

38
Q

when a calcium ions bind with troponin what happens to the troponin tropomysin complex? What then happens?

A

moves to expose active sites on actin and no more tropomysin covering myosin

39
Q

Where is the ATP binding and what happens

A

ATP binding is at the head of myosin releasing actin and myosin, then myosin head returns to original position

40
Q

motor neuron

A

neuron that stimulates muscle tissue

41
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction

A

axon terminal of a motor neuron along with the portion of the sarcolemma that is close to the axon terminal

42
Q

what is a synapse

A

junction where signal is passed

43
Q

name the neurotransmitter used at neuromuscular junctions

A

acetylcholine

44
Q

substance that binds with acetylcholine and breaks down acetic acid and choline

A

acetylcholinesterase

45
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and all muscle fibers that it stimulates

46
Q

are all motor neurons the same size

A

no relationship between muscle cell size

47
Q

eccentric contraction

A

Eccentric contraction occurs when the total length of the muscle increases as tension is produced

48
Q

concentric contraction

A

the muscle tension rises to meet the resistance then remains stable as the muscle shortens.

49
Q

isometric contraction

A

a muscle contraction without motion

50
Q

isotonic contraction

A

tension remains the same, whilst the muscle’s length changes.

51
Q

synapse

A

the points of contact between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to the next

anatomy and physiology lecture (3 decks)

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