Skeletal System Flashcards
What does axial skeleton refer to?
Skull bones, rib cage, and vertebral column
What does appendicular skeleton refer to?
bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip
Name some places where hyaline cartilages are found?
Nasal Cartilage, Articular Cartilage of Humeral Head, Costal Cartilage of Ribs, Femoral Head
Name some places where Elastic Cartilages are found?
External Ear
Name some places where fibrocartilages are found.
Meniscus of the Patella, Pubic Symphysis, Cartilage in Intervertebral Disc
Name 6 functions of the bones.
Support, Protection, Mineral Storage, Movement, Hematopoiesis, Hormone Production
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact (dense) & Spongey (cancellous)
Is the compact bone tissue found internally or externally?
External
Is the spongey bone tissue found internally or externally?
Internally
What are the small needle like prick structures within spongey bone tissue called?
Trabeculae
Long bones are ________ than they are _________.
longer; wide
What does a long bone have?
a) a cube like structure
b) a strange shape
c) a shaft & two ends
d) a shaft & an end with a process
C) a shaft & two ends
Long bones consist of all limb bones except:
patellas, carpals, & tarsals
Sesamoid bones are a type of which bone?
Short Bones
What are cube shaped bones known as?
Short Bones
Where are short bones typically found?
Wrist & Ankle
Where do sesamoid bones typically form?
Within tendons
What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?
To reinforce and descrease stress of the tendon?
What are flat bones?
They are thin, flat, with a bit of a curve
Give an example of a flat bone.
Sternum
What are irregular bones?
Bones with complicated shapes that do not fit in with other classifications of bones
What bone classification does vertebrae belong to?
Irregular
Long bones have a _________ & ___________.
Diaphysis & Epiphysis
What is the diaphysis?
Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
What type of bone marrow is found in the long bone?
Yellow bone marrow
What type of cartilage is found on the ends of long bones?
Articular Cartilage
Epiphysis is found at the ______ of long bones.
end
What is articular cartilage also known as?
Hyaline Cartilage
What is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis?
Epiphysial Line
What is the epiphyseal plate?
This is hyaline cartilage that grows to lengthen bones
What is the double-layered protective membrane of the entire long bone, minus the surfaces of the joint?
Periosteum
What secures the periosteum to the bone?
Sharpey’s Fibers
What is the outer dense irregular connective tissue?
Fibrous Layer
What is the inner layer of the periosteum that is composed of osteoblasts and osteocytes?
Osteogenic Layer
What is the delicate tissue membrane that surrounds the internal surfaces of the bone?
Endosteum
Endosteum contains _______ & __________.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
What is hematopoieisis?
This is the formation of blood cellular components
Where is bone marrow found?
Medullary cavity
Where can red bone marrow be found in adults?
Sternum, Hip Bones, Skull, Ribs, Vertebrae, Shoulder Blades, & the epiphyseal area of some long bones
What does yellow bone marrow do?
It stores fat
What is the function of red bone marrow?
To produce blood cells, which is hematopoiesis
Bone is riddled with microscopic passageways, true or false
True, they serve as a conduit for nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels
Compact bone is replaced every ____ year(s) in an adult.
10
Compact bone follows the :
a) lamella system
b) haversian system
c) tubing system
B) Haversian System
What are lamella?
These are weight bearing, column like tubes mainly made of collagen
What is the main canal system of your bones?
Haversian Canal System, it contains your blood vessels and nerves
What are perforating volksmann canals
These are channels that intersect with the central canals and they connect the nerves and blood vessels to the periosteum
What are the longest living bone cells?
Osteocytes
What is the structure that connects lacunae together?
Canaliculi
When looking at the bone tissue under a microscope, what is the big black dot in the middle called?
Haversian Canal
What are spider shaped, mature bone cells called?
Osteocytes
What are osteoblasts?
These are bone forming cells which secrete osteoid
What are mitotically active stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and bone lining cells?
Osteogenic Cells
What are bone destroying cells that break down the bone matrix called?
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts make a new bone matrix, when they are finished creating this, what is it called?
Osteocytes
What shuts down osteoclasts from destroying bone?
Calcitonin
Osteiod is an ____________ bone matrix that is composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, & collagen fibers
unnmineralized
What is ossification also known as?
Osteogenesis
Bone growth begins to slow at what point in a persons life?
Puberty
What is ossification/osteogenesis?
This is the formation of new bone tissue
When does osteogenesis/ossification begin in a fetus?
At about 8 weeks
Ossification is mainly used as remodeling and repair in adults, true or false.
True
What are the two methods of bone formation?
Intramembranous & Endochondral
What does apposition mean?
Growth in diameter
Name the 8 types of fractures.
Simple, Compound, Comminuted, Compression, Depressed, Impacted, Spiral, Greenstick
What are bone breaks classified as?
position, completeness, & penetration
What does a nondisplaced fracture mean?
This means that both ends of the bone remain in their normal position
What does a displaced fracture mean?
This means that the ends of the bone are out of normal position
What does a complete break mean?
This means that the bone has broken all the way through
What does an incomplete break look like?
A bone that is not fully broken all the way through
What does a compound fracture mean?
Bone ends penetrate the skin
What does a simple fracture look like?
The fracture is closed, no penetration involved
What is a comminuted fracture?
This is where the bone fragments into three or more pieces
What is a spiral break?
This is a ragged break that is excessively twisted
What is a depressed fracture?
A portion of the broken bone is pressed inwards
What is a compressed fracture?
The bone is crushed and often happens in more porous bones
Impacted Fracture
Broken bone ends are forced onto one another
What is a greenstick fracture?
This is an incomplete fracture that one side of the bone breaks and the other one bends
Describe the 5 stages of Endochondral Ossification.
1.) Formation of the bone collar around hyaline cartilage
2.) The medullary cavity begins to form inside the cartilage
3.) The periosteum begins to bud while the spongey bone begins to form
4.) The medullary cavity is continuing to form, a secondary ossification center forms (on the ends of the bone)
5.) The epiphysis begins to grow, when this growth is complete, the hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
What secretes bone matrix on external bone?
Osteoblasts
What removes bone on an endosteal surface?
Osteoclasts
Do hormones have anything to do with bone growth?
Yes
What is the most important stimulus of the epiphyseal plate?
Growth Hormones
Where are growth hormones released at?
The anterior pituitary gland
What hormones modulate the activity of growth hormones?
Thyroid Hormones
What does hyposecretion of growth hormones produce?
Dwarfism
What does hypersecretion of growth hormones induce?
Gigantism
Sex Hormones initially promote adolescent growth spurts, true or false.
True
What is essential for mineralization of bone?
Alkaline Phosophate
Bone resorption is accomplished by _____________
Osteocytes
Bones gain more Ca+ than they lose until they turn what age
35
What is the peak of skeletal strength?
35 years old
