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Anatomy 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What does axial skeleton refer to?

A

Skull bones, rib cage, and vertebral column

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2
Q

What does appendicular skeleton refer to?

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

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3
Q

Name some places where hyaline cartilages are found?

A

Nasal Cartilage, Articular Cartilage of Humeral Head, Costal Cartilage of Ribs, Femoral Head

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4
Q

Name some places where Elastic Cartilages are found?

A

External Ear

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5
Q

Name some places where fibrocartilages are found.

A

Meniscus of the Patella, Pubic Symphysis, Cartilage in Intervertebral Disc

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6
Q

Name 6 functions of the bones.

A

Support, Protection, Mineral Storage, Movement, Hematopoiesis, Hormone Production

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7
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact (dense) & Spongey (cancellous)

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8
Q

Is the compact bone tissue found internally or externally?

A

External

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9
Q

Is the spongey bone tissue found internally or externally?

A

Internally

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10
Q

What are the small needle like prick structures within spongey bone tissue called?

A

Trabeculae

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11
Q

Long bones are ________ than they are _________.

A

longer; wide

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12
Q

What does a long bone have?

a) a cube like structure
b) a strange shape
c) a shaft & two ends
d) a shaft & an end with a process

A

C) a shaft & two ends

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13
Q

Long bones consist of all limb bones except:

A

patellas, carpals, & tarsals

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14
Q

Sesamoid bones are a type of which bone?

A

Short Bones

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15
Q

What are cube shaped bones known as?

A

Short Bones

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16
Q

Where are short bones typically found?

A

Wrist & Ankle

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17
Q

Where do sesamoid bones typically form?

A

Within tendons

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18
Q

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

A

To reinforce and descrease stress of the tendon?

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19
Q

What are flat bones?

A

They are thin, flat, with a bit of a curve

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20
Q

Give an example of a flat bone.

A

Sternum

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21
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Bones with complicated shapes that do not fit in with other classifications of bones

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22
Q

What bone classification does vertebrae belong to?

A

Irregular

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23
Q

Long bones have a _________ & ___________.

A

Diaphysis & Epiphysis

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24
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones

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25
Q

What type of bone marrow is found in the long bone?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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26
Q

What type of cartilage is found on the ends of long bones?

A

Articular Cartilage

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27
Q

Epiphysis is found at the ______ of long bones.

A

end

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28
Q

What is articular cartilage also known as?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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29
Q

What is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis?

A

Epiphysial Line

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30
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

This is hyaline cartilage that grows to lengthen bones

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31
Q

What is the double-layered protective membrane of the entire long bone, minus the surfaces of the joint?

A

Periosteum

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32
Q

What secures the periosteum to the bone?

A

Sharpey’s Fibers

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33
Q

What is the outer dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Fibrous Layer

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34
Q

What is the inner layer of the periosteum that is composed of osteoblasts and osteocytes?

A

Osteogenic Layer

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35
Q

What is the delicate tissue membrane that surrounds the internal surfaces of the bone?

A

Endosteum

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36
Q

Endosteum contains _______ & __________.

A

Osteoblasts and Osteocytes

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37
Q

What is hematopoieisis?

A

This is the formation of blood cellular components

38
Q

Where is bone marrow found?

A

Medullary cavity

39
Q

Where can red bone marrow be found in adults?

A

Sternum, Hip Bones, Skull, Ribs, Vertebrae, Shoulder Blades, & the epiphyseal area of some long bones

40
Q

What does yellow bone marrow do?

A

It stores fat

41
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow?

A

To produce blood cells, which is hematopoiesis

42
Q

Bone is riddled with microscopic passageways, true or false

A

True, they serve as a conduit for nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

43
Q

Compact bone is replaced every ____ year(s) in an adult.

A

10

44
Q

Compact bone follows the :
a) lamella system
b) haversian system
c) tubing system

A

B) Haversian System

45
Q

What are lamella?

A

These are weight bearing, column like tubes mainly made of collagen

46
Q

What is the main canal system of your bones?

A

Haversian Canal System, it contains your blood vessels and nerves

47
Q

What are perforating volksmann canals

A

These are channels that intersect with the central canals and they connect the nerves and blood vessels to the periosteum

48
Q

What are the longest living bone cells?

A

Osteocytes

49
Q

What is the structure that connects lacunae together?

A

Canaliculi

50
Q

When looking at the bone tissue under a microscope, what is the big black dot in the middle called?

A

Haversian Canal

51
Q

What are spider shaped, mature bone cells called?

A

Osteocytes

52
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

These are bone forming cells which secrete osteoid

53
Q

What are mitotically active stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and bone lining cells?

A

Osteogenic Cells

54
Q

What are bone destroying cells that break down the bone matrix called?

A

Osteoclasts

55
Q

Osteoblasts make a new bone matrix, when they are finished creating this, what is it called?

A

Osteocytes

56
Q

What shuts down osteoclasts from destroying bone?

A

Calcitonin

57
Q

Osteiod is an ____________ bone matrix that is composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, & collagen fibers

A

unnmineralized

58
Q

What is ossification also known as?

A

Osteogenesis

59
Q

Bone growth begins to slow at what point in a persons life?

A

Puberty

60
Q

What is ossification/osteogenesis?

A

This is the formation of new bone tissue

61
Q

When does osteogenesis/ossification begin in a fetus?

A

At about 8 weeks

62
Q

Ossification is mainly used as remodeling and repair in adults, true or false.

A

True

63
Q

What are the two methods of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous & Endochondral

64
Q

What does apposition mean?

A

Growth in diameter

65
Q

Name the 8 types of fractures.

A

Simple, Compound, Comminuted, Compression, Depressed, Impacted, Spiral, Greenstick

66
Q

What are bone breaks classified as?

A

position, completeness, & penetration

67
Q

What does a nondisplaced fracture mean?

A

This means that both ends of the bone remain in their normal position

68
Q

What does a displaced fracture mean?

A

This means that the ends of the bone are out of normal position

69
Q

What does a complete break mean?

A

This means that the bone has broken all the way through

70
Q

What does an incomplete break look like?

A

A bone that is not fully broken all the way through

71
Q

What does a compound fracture mean?

A

Bone ends penetrate the skin

72
Q

What does a simple fracture look like?

A

The fracture is closed, no penetration involved

73
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

This is where the bone fragments into three or more pieces

74
Q

What is a spiral break?

A

This is a ragged break that is excessively twisted

75
Q

What is a depressed fracture?

A

A portion of the broken bone is pressed inwards

76
Q

What is a compressed fracture?

A

The bone is crushed and often happens in more porous bones

77
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

Broken bone ends are forced onto one another

78
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

This is an incomplete fracture that one side of the bone breaks and the other one bends

79
Q

Describe the 5 stages of Endochondral Ossification.

A

1.) Formation of the bone collar around hyaline cartilage
2.) The medullary cavity begins to form inside the cartilage
3.) The periosteum begins to bud while the spongey bone begins to form
4.) The medullary cavity is continuing to form, a secondary ossification center forms (on the ends of the bone)
5.) The epiphysis begins to grow, when this growth is complete, the hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

80
Q

What secretes bone matrix on external bone?

A

Osteoblasts

81
Q

What removes bone on an endosteal surface?

A

Osteoclasts

82
Q

Do hormones have anything to do with bone growth?

A

Yes

83
Q

What is the most important stimulus of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Growth Hormones

84
Q

Where are growth hormones released at?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

85
Q

What hormones modulate the activity of growth hormones?

A

Thyroid Hormones

86
Q

What does hyposecretion of growth hormones produce?

A

Dwarfism

87
Q

What does hypersecretion of growth hormones induce?

A

Gigantism

88
Q

Sex Hormones initially promote adolescent growth spurts, true or false.

A

True

89
Q

What is essential for mineralization of bone?

A

Alkaline Phosophate

90
Q

Bone resorption is accomplished by _____________

A

Osteocytes

91
Q

Bones gain more Ca+ than they lose until they turn what age

A

35

92
Q

What is the peak of skeletal strength?

A

35 years old

Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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