Skeletal System 1&2 Flashcards
identify two divisons of the skeleton
Axial - Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
appendicular- everything else
identify and briefly describe structure of fibrous and cartilaginous joints
Fibrous joints - bones held together by fibre. e.g. sutures of cranial bone. most have no movement
Cartilaginous joints- bones held together by cartilage.
most allow a small amount of movement (e.g. pubic symphysis)
describe structural components of synovial joints
Bones separated by a “joint Cavity”
joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
joint is surrounded by a capsule made up of dense irregular tissue, and ligaments (these restrict movement)
what are features of synovial joints that affect their stability and movement
1) bone congruence- how well the shape of the bond ends fit together
2) Joint capsule + ligaments- how well the bones are held together (ligaments stabilise joints by restricting movements)
3) muscles and tendons- produce movement at joints and stabilise joints when they cross them
describe 3 examples of synovial joint movements
Flexion-
- Angular movement
- decreases the angle of the joint bringing bones close together,
e. g. bending elbow
Extension
- angular movement
increases the angle of the joint, bring bones away from each other
-e.g. lengthening elbow
Abduction
- movement away from midline along frontal plane
e. g. raise arms laterally
adduction
-movement towards midline along frontal plane
list 6 types of synovial joints
plane-
- flat articular surfaces
- sliding / gliding
hinge
- one direction only
- flexion / extension
pivot
- rounded end of bone is ‘cupped’ by other bone
- rotation only
condyloid
- oval projection fits into oval depresion
- flexion / extension / adduction / abduction
saddle
- (ankle) / saddle shaped
- flexion / extesion / adduction / abduction / opposition
ball and socket
- one end of bone is shapped like a ball, fits into other bone ‘socket’
- flexion / extension / abduction/ adduction / rotation / circumduction
Name Verebral (Spinal column)
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
lumbar (5)
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1)
what are joints
site where 2+ bones meet / articulate
allow varying degrees of movement
3 types (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial )
Identify 3 types of cartilage and provide a location of each type
Hyaline Cartilage
- most common / provides support / flexibility / resilience
Elastic cartilage
- lots of elastic fibres / can withstand stretching + bending
- external ear / epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
- highly compressible, can withstand tensile strength
- pubic symphysis
Describe components of Skeletal system (not exam)
Bones
- main component of skeletal system
Cartilage
- precursor to bone
- found where you need flexibility
Dense Connective Tissue
- Ligaments (surround and support joints / restrict joint movement)
- Membranes surrounding bone tissue (Periosteum and Endosteum)
identify functions of bones
- Support - framework for the body / cradle organs
- Protection of underlying organs / tissues - e.g. cranial bones
- energy store (store fat in white bone marrow)
- haematopoiesis (produce red blood cells)
- allow Movement- act as levers for muscles
- Mineral store (Calcium and phosphorus)
identify two components of bone tissue
-
Organic component
- Cells
- osteoid (organic Extracellular Matrix)- contains ground substance and collagen
-
Inorganic component
- minerals in matrix- mainly Calcium + Phosphorus
identify 4 types of bone cells
osteogenic cells - cells that activly divide into osteoblasts
osteoblasts - build new bone / lay down new osteoid + incorporate new mineral salts
osteoclasts -break down bone (release calcium)
osteocytes- mature bone cells- originate from osteoblasts
identify and briefly describe 2 structural arrangements of bone
briefly describe method of endochondral ossification
don’t worry about this unless marsha says on exam
