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BioScience Foundations > 5. intro to reproductive system > Flashcards

5. intro to reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

label diagram of reproductive tract

A

ovaries

Fallopian / uterine tubes

  • fimbriae
  • infundibulum
  • Ampulla
  • Isthmus

Uterus

  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium

Cervix

vagina

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2
Q

Describe components of perineum

A
  • anal tringle
    • anal passage + sphincter
  • Urogenital triangle
    • Vulva (external genitalia)
      • urethral orifice
      • vaginal orifice
      • labia majus and minus
      • vestibule + vestibular glands
      • clitoris
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3
Q

describe the pelvic floor

A

muscular sling at outlet of pelvic girdle

supports internal structures of pelvic cavity

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4
Q

briefly describe function of ovaries

A
  • composed of oocytes and follicular cells
  • site of oogenesis (primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte)
  • release of secondary oocyte each month (ovulation)
  • synthesis of oestrogen + progesterone (these help maintain early pregnancy
  • regulated by Luteinising Hormone and Follicle stimulating Hormone (from Anterior Pituitary, which is regulated by Hypothalamus)
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5
Q

briefly describe function of uterine tubes

A

extend over each ovary to the uterus

Transport- fertilised ovum / oocyte to uterus

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6
Q

briefly describe function of uterus

A
  • receives and nourishes fertilised ovum / embryo / fetus
  • made up of three parts
  1. Fundus (most superior portion)
  2. body (site of implantation, area of growth and expansion to accomodate baby)
  3. cervix (most inferior portion)
  • uterus wall is made up of 3 layers
  1. Perimetrium (serous membrane)
  2. myometrium (thick layer of smooth muscle)
  3. endometrium (epithelial cells- regulated by ovarian hormones)
    1. functional layer
    2. basal layer
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7
Q

describe role of cervix

A

protection (protect pathogens getting into upper reproductive tract)

secrete mucus to support fertilisation

allows passage of baby / menstrual blood

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8
Q

briefly describe function of vagina

A

receives penis + ejaculate

forms birth canal

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9
Q

briefly describe function of mammary glands

A

exocrine glands- secrete to body surface via a duct

  • produce and secrete colostrum and breastmilk
    • stimulated by both hormones and suckling
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10
Q

Describe ovarian cycle

A

two components

  1. 28 day cycle that begins at puberty - menopause
  2. regulated by Hypthalamus (GnRH) and Anterior Pituitary (LH + FSH)
  3. oogenesis
    1. development of female gamete (egg /ovum)
  4. development of follicles
    1. Follicles house oocytes and enable release of secondary oocyte from ovary
    2. follicles produce and release oestrogen + progesterone

3 phases

  1. Follicular phase (day 1-13)
    1. Follicle develops from primary follice → secondary follicle → Graafian follicle (mature) - stimulated by FsH
      1. Follicles release ostrogen
    2. Primary oocyte completes meiosis I to become secondary Oocyte (haploid (n)), and starts + halts meiosis I - stimulated by LH
  2. Ovulation (day 14)
    1. Primary oocyte released out of ovary
  3. Luteal phase (day 15-28)
    1. Remaining follicles become Corpus Luteum and release Progesterone and Oestrogen
      1. progesterone and Oestrogen continue negative feedback on Hypothalamus / Anterior Pituitary
      2. Progesterone maintains endometrium
    2. Corpus luteum degenerates into Corpus Albicans if fertilisation doesn’t occur
    3. if fertilisation does occur, corpus luterum remains, and continues to secrete progesterone and oestrogen until placenta can take over
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11
Q

describe uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)

A

3 phases

  1. menstrual phase (day 1-5)
  • shedding of endometrial uterine layer (functional layer)
  • triggered by drop in progesterone with degeneration of corpus luteum
  1. proliferative phase (day 6-14)- regulated by oestrogen
    1. Proliferation of endometrial cells - stimulated by oestrogen from developing follicle
    2. growth/enlargement of glands
    3. increase in blood supply via growth of spiral arteries
    4. thinning of cervical mucus / forming channels within the mucus
  2. secretory phase (day 15-28) - largely regulated by progesterone
    1. Continued proliferation of endometrial cells (stimulated by ongoing oestrogen)
    2. Continued growth of glands, and secretion of glycogen which will nourish early embryo
    3. continued increase in blood supply
    4. stimulate mucus to thicken and form a mucus plug
      1. If ovum is not fertilised
        1. degeneration of Corpus Luteum results in drop in progesterone, and spiral arteries kink and spasm, reducing blood supply to functional layer, and result in cell death
        2. If ovum is fertilised
          1. Corpus luteum continues to release progesterone, and blood supply continues to increase / endometrial layer continues to grow / Glycogen continue sto be secreted
          2. cervical mucus remains thick with plug formation
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12
Q

describe oogenesis

A

Process to mature primary oocytes into sex gametes (ovum).

involves both mitosis and 2 meiosis divisions- results in daughter cells that have ½ the chromosomes of the parent cell

  • female is born with millions of primary oocytes (2n, diploid) that have divided via mitosis in vitro
  • pre-puberty, many primary oocytes die / kill themselves
  • at puberty, every month
    • 1 primary oocyte undergoes Meisis I in follicular phase (stimulated by LH)- becomes Secondary Ooocyte (haploid, n)
    • Starts and halts Meiosis II
    • If fertilisation occurs, Secondary Oocyte completes meiosis II, to become ovum / egg
    • up to 4 polar bodies are created
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13
Q

describe follicular dev (not examinable)

A
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14
Q

What are the four components of the uterine tube

A

fimbriae

infundibulum

ampulla

isthmus

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15
Q

what is the fimbriae, where is it located

A

finger like projections from the infundibulum

fimbriae sweep the ovulated oocyte into the infundibulum

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16
Q

what is the infundibulum, where is it located

A

opening into the uterine tube, that extends over the ovary

17
Q

what is the ampulla

A

swollen part of the uterine tube

main site of fertilisation

18
Q

what is the isthmus

A

narrowest part of the uterine tube

where tubes connect to uterus

(site of ectopic pregnancy)

19
Q

what is role of hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary in reproductive cycle

A

Hypothalamus secrete GnRH (Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone)

GnRH stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release Luteinising Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Progesterone inhibits Hypothalamus from secreting GnRH

20
Q

draw the 2 phases across day 1-28, and show the corresponding changes to oestrogen and progesterone

A

BioScience Foundations (13 decks)

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